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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 4 C > Flashcards

Unit 4 C Flashcards

1
Q

Immunopathology

A

The study of disease states associated with over reactivity or under reactivity of the immune response.

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2
Q

Hyposensitivity diseases

A

immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed.

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3
Q

Overreactivity

A

Hypersensitivity & autoimmunity

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4
Q

Identify the four major categories of hypersensitivity, or overreaction to antigens.

A

I immediate hypersensitivity
II antibody mediated
III immune complex mediated
IV T-cell mediated

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5
Q

A reaction to a blood transfusion because of blood group incompatibility is a type Click or tap here to enter text. hypersensitivity.

A

II antibody mediated

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6
Q

An example of a type Click or tap here to enter text. is contact dermatitis.

A

IV t-cell mediated

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7
Q

Type Click or tap here to enter text. hypersensitivity includes hay fever & asthma.

A

I immediately hypersensitive

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8
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is a type Click or tap here to enter text. hypersensitivity.

A

III immune complex mediated

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9
Q

Allergy

A

an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation

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10
Q

Allergen

A

antigens that do not noticeably affect nonallergic individuals

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11
Q

Atopy

A

chronic local allergy such as hay fever or asthma

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12
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

a systemic, sometimes fatal, reaction that involves airway obstruction & circulatory collapse.

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13
Q

Genetic factors

A

basis seems to be favored production of allergic antibody (IgE) generalized susceptibility. (how much antibodies you produce)

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14
Q

Environmental

A

what you are exposed to and how you are exposed to. (how often exposed)

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15
Q

Outline the steps of a type I allergic response.

A
  1. Sensitizing dose of allergen enters
  2. Lymphatic vessel caarries allergen to lymph node
  3. In lymph, B cell recognizes allergen with help of TH cell
  4. B cell proliferates into plasma cells
  5. Plasma cells synthesize IgE
  6. Then, IgE binds to mast cell surface receptors
  7. Allergen is encountered again
  8. Allergen attaches to IgE on mast cells
  9. Resulting in systemic distribution of allergic mediators in bloodstream
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16
Q

To develop an allergy, first there is a Click or tap here to enter text. dose of allergen.

A

Sensitizing

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of a type I hypersensitivity that acts on local tissues?

A

Rashes, itching, redness, rhinitis, sneezing, diarrhea, tears

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18
Q

What are the symptoms of a type I hypersensitivity that acts on systemic tissues?

A

Pain, anxiety, agitation, & lethargy

(alters blood flow, blood pressure, & respiration)

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19
Q

Identify three conditions caused by IgE-mediated allergic reactions and explain them. Hint: One of them is “Food Allergy”.

A

Atopic diseases: hay fever & asthma

Allergy conditions: Eczema, Food allergy, Drug allergy

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20
Q

Describe the symptoms of anaphylaxis & link them to physiological events (physiological events explained on slides 14-15).

A

Sudden respiratory & circulatory disruption that can be fatal. Pain, anxiety, agitation, & lethargy

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21
Q

Radioallergosorbent (RAST) test

A

measures levels of IgE to specific allergens, cannot be used for all allergens.

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22
Q

Leukocyte histamine-release test (LHRT)

A

Measures the amount of histamine released.

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23
Q

Skin testing

A

skin is injected, scratches, or pricked with a small amount of pure allergen. 15 minutes after testing, skin is apprised for a wheal response.

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24
Q

What three methods are used to treat allergies?

A

Avoiding the allergen

Using drugs that block the action of lymphocytes, mast cells or chemical mediators

Using injections of the allergen in such a way that the allergic reaction is short-circuited (“allergy shots”)

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25
Q

Corticosteroids

A

inhibit lymphocyte activity

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26
Q

Cromolyn

A

block mast cell degranulation

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27
Q

Xolair

A

antibody that inavtivates IgE

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28
Q

Antihistamines

A

Block histamine receptors on target organs

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29
Q

What type of antibodies and what blood protein cascade is involved in the killing of cells during this type of immune reaction?

A

IgG & IgM antibodies. Blood protein glycoproteins

30
Q

What three alloantigens are found on the surface of human blood?

A

A, B, O

31
Q

Explain the molecular basis for the ABO blood groups & identify the blood type of a “universal donor” & the blood type of a “universal recipient.”

A

Type O is the universal donor: because it has no sugars so it will not create antibodies to attack the blood.

Type AB is the universal recipient: because it does not create antibodies to either sugar type so it reacts to no blood

32
Q

Describe the outcomes of transfusing the wrong type of blood.

A

Clumping of blood cells

33
Q

Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when the mother is Rh Click or tap here to enter text. & the fetus is Rh Click or tap here to enter text..

A

-

+

34
Q

Explain the role of Rh factor in hemolytic disease development & how the disease is prevented in newborns.

A

The mothers antibodies attack the fetus. Treated with Anti-Rh antibodies (RhoGAM).

35
Q

Identify commonalities & differences between type II & type III hypersensitivities.

A

Similar to type II: involves IgG & IgM antibodies

Differs from type II: in that antigens are not attached to the surface of the cell

36
Q

Serum sickness

A

systemic injury initiated by antigen-antibody somplexes that circulate in the blood.

37
Q

Arthus reaction

A

localized dermal injury. Vaccine or drug injection at the same site as first injection

38
Q

Unlike anaphylaxis, serum sickness & the Arthus reaction do not depend on IgE antibodies.

A

True

39
Q

Serum sickness & the Arthus reaction depend on Click or tap here to enter text. (large/small) amounts of antibodies.

A

Large

40
Q

The Arthus reaction is a Click or tap here to enter text. (systemic/localized) reaction, while serum sickness is a Click or tap here to enter text. (systemic localized) reaction. The Arthus reaction is a Click or tap here to enter text. (systemic/localized) reaction, while serum sickness is a Click or tap here to enter text. (systemic localized) reaction.

A

Localized

Systemic

41
Q

Choose an item. In type III hypersensitivities, antigen-antibody complexes are attached to cells.

A

False

42
Q

Identify one type IV delayed hypersensitivity reaction & describe the role of T cells in the pathogenesis of this condition.

A
43
Q

List four classes of grafts & explain how host versus graft & graft versus host diseases develop.

A

Autograft (self)

Isograft (Genetically identical sibling or clone)

Allograft (genetically different member of the same species)

Xenograft (difference species)

44
Q

Type IV hypersensitivities are the result of the action of Click or tap here to enter text. (B/T) cells.

A

T

45
Q

A positive tuberculin test is an example of a(n) Click or tap here to enter text. hypersensitivity.

A

IV

46
Q

Exposure to poison ivy can result in

A

Contact dermatitis

47
Q

A Click or tap here to enter text. is a type of graft from an identical twin.

A

Isograft

48
Q

Implantation of a swine heart valve is an example of a(n) Click or tap here to enter text..

A

Xenograft

49
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Systemic: Type III

50
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis & ankylosing spondylitis

A

Systemic: Type II, III, IV

51
Q

Graves’ disease

A

Thyroid: Type III

52
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Muscle: Type III

53
Q

Type I diabetes:

A

pancreas: Type III

54
Q

Multiple sclerosis

A

Myelin: Type II & IV

55
Q

is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints.

A

Rheumatoid arthiritis or ankylosing spondylitis

56
Q

The thyroid gland is affected in

A

Graves disease

57
Q

Cytotoxic T cells attack insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, causing

A

Type I diabetes

58
Q

In myasthenia gravis, autoantibodies bind to receptors for

A

Acetylcholine

59
Q

In multiple sclerosis, autoantibodies attack the Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. surrounding nerve cells.

A

Myelin sheath

60
Q

What two traits about an individual have a strong correlation in the development of autoimmune disease?

A

Genetics and sex

61
Q

Sequestered antigens

A

Some tissues are immunologically privileged, but can become exposed through infection, trauma, or deterioration. Example: inner eye

62
Q

Forbidden clones

A

Clonal selection theory: the immune system of a fetus develops tolerance by eradicating all self-reacting lymphocytes. Some of these forbidden clones may survive & B or T cells can inappropriately attack tissues with self-antigens

63
Q

Molecular mimicry

A

Microbial antigens that display epitopes similar to normal human cells. Formation of antibodies to fight infection cross-react with tissues. (most common is Epstein bar, staph, and strep)

64
Q

The gut microbiome

A

Composition has changed over last 50 years due to: antibiotic use, less exposure to the outdoors, an altered more artificial diet, studies exploring the idea that a healthy microbiome is important to training our immune system what to react against & what to tolerate, drastic changes in microbiome would disrupt training process

65
Q

Primary

A

present at birth & stem from genetic errors

66
Q

Secondary

A

develop after birth & arise from infection, noninfectious metabolic disease, chemotherapy, or radiation

67
Q

Define severe combined immunodeficiency & discuss current therapeutic approaches to this type of disease.

A

Absence or dysfunction of B cells & T cells. (sterile bubble live)

Fetal liver or stem cell grafts to correct dysfunction lymphoid cells. Gene therapy to insert correct gene

68
Q

Patients with Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. Click or tap here to enter text. lack function of both B & T cells.

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

69
Q

List three conditions that can lead to the development of secondary immunodeficiency diseases.

A

Infection (example: AIDS)
Noninfectious metabolic disease
Chemotherapy/radiation

70
Q

The most common infection-induced immunodeficiency is Click or tap here to enter text..

A

AIDS

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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