Unit 4- Cell Communication and Cell Cycle

Question 1

Binary fission

Answer 1

prokaryotic cell division; double the DNA, double the size, then split apart

Question 2

List steps of the cell cycle

Answer 2

G1 –> S –> G2 –> M
growth 1, synthesis, growth 2, mitosis, etc.

Question 3

Interphase consists of

Answer 3

G1, S, G2, 90% of the cell cycle

Question 4

The physical separation of newly formed daughter cells of cell division is also known as

Answer 4

cytokinesis

Question 5

List the steps of mitosis in order

Answer 5

-prophase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

Question 6

What stage of mitosis when the nucleolus disappears and mitotic spindle forms?

Answer 6

prophase

Question 7

Sister chromatids line up at the middle during…
(mitosis)

Answer 7

metaphase

Question 8

Sister chromatids are split apart at…
(mitosis)

Answer 8

anaphase

Question 9

Nuclei of new cells re-form; chromatin uncoils at…
(mitosis)

Answer 9

telophase

Question 10

Each chromosome pairs with its homolog; there is crossover
(meiosis)

Answer 10

Prophase I

Question 11

Chromosome pairs align along the middle of the cell, ready to split apart (meiosis)

Answer 11

Metaphase I

Question 12

Homologous chromosomes split apart (meiosis)

Answer 12

Anaphase I

Question 13

Nuclear membrane reforms; daughter cells are now haploid(n)
(meiosis)

Answer 13

Telophase I

Question 14

Nucleus disappears, spindle apparatus forms (meiosis)

Answer 14

Prophase II

Question 15

Sister chromatids line up at middle

Answer 15

Metaphase II

Question 16

Sister chromatids are split apart

Answer 16

Anaphase II

Question 17

Nuclei of new cells reform; chromatin uncoils

Answer 17

Telophase II

Question 18

A haploid cell contains _____ copy of each cell

Answer 18

1

Question 19

A ________ cell contains 2 copies of each chromosome

Answer 19

diploid

Question 20

Chromosomes that are similar in shape, size, and function are called ______________

Answer 20

homologous

Question 21

The process of male gamete formation is called ____________. (4 sperm in one cell)

Answer 21

spermatogenesis

Question 22

The process of female gamete formation(one ovum from each cell)

Answer 22

oogenesis

Question 23

Checkpoints occur in the cell cycle to promote ____________.

Answer 23

growth

Question 24

Cells stop growing when certain density is reached (runs out of food) during _________-_____________ inhibition.

Answer 24

density- dependent

Question 25

Cyclins and protein kinases

Answer 25

cyclin combines with CDK to form a structure known as MPF that pushes cell into mitosis when enough is present

Question 26

Cells uses energy to maintain homeostasis through _____________ _____________, _____________ ____________, and for __________.

Answer 26

feedback mechanisms, communcation w/ cells, replication

Question 27

During signal transduction, _______ is responsible for amplyfing intracellular signals

Answer 27

cAMP

Question 28

In a signal transduction pathway, first, the ________ binds to the receptor then sets of a cascade of events

Answer 28

ligand

Question 29

When the ligand binds to the receptor in a signal transduction pathway, the shape of the receptor __________ ( stays the same/changes), resulting in an ____________( activation/ deactivation) of an enzyme.

Answer 29

changes, activates

Question 30

What type of signaling involves the direct contact between cells during communication?

Answer 30

Direct cell to cell signaling

Question 31

What type of signaling involves cells that are close to one another but NOT in direct contact. Signals can diffuse only over SHORT distances.

Answer 31

Paracrine signaling

Question 32

Where is the receptor located for hydrophilic ligands?

Answer 32

on the cell membrane

Question 33

Where is the receptor located for hydrophobic ligands that are small enough to cross the membrane?

Answer 33

INSIDE the cell

Question 34

Signaling that involves... - cells far apart -hormone is released into the extracellular fluid - steriod hormones are lipid soluble molecules that pass through membrane, attach to intracellular receptor (think blood vessel)

Answer 34

endocrine signaling

Question 35

Signaling that involves... - nerve cell, neuron, target cell - chemical synapse - release of neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic gap to target the target cell

Answer 35

synaptic signaling

Question 36

Signaling that involves... - a cell sends a signal to itself -plays important role in cell development and immune system

Answer 36

autocrine signaling

Question 37

The addition of phosphate groups is known as...

Answer 37

phosphorylation

Question 38

Phosphorylation is catalyzed by enzymes called ____________.

Answer 38

kinases

Question 39

The dephosphorylation of proteins( removal of phosphate groups) is cataylzed by the enzyme ___________.

Answer 39

phosphatases

Question 40

What is the overall goal of phosphorylation?

Answer 40

activation or inactivation proteins in the signal transduction pathway

Question 41

Why would calcium( Ca) be useful in signal transduction pathways?

Answer 41

it serves as a secondary messenger, when it binds to the protein, the shape changes, leading to a change in function

Question 42

Cyclic AMP( cAMP) is involved in many signal ________ pathways

Answer 42

cascade

Question 43

Protein hormones activate __________ through a multi-step process that begins with protein- hormone activation of relay proteins such as ______________.

Answer 43

cAMP, G- proteins

Question 44

What is the main purpose of G- proteins?

Answer 44

directly activate adenyl cyclase, which produces cAMP

Question 45

The cell prepares itself for synthesis, making sure that is has all of the raw materials for DNA synthesis, during what stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 45

G1

Question 46

DNA is copied so that each daughter cell has a complete set of chromosomes during what stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 46

S

Question 47

The cell prepare itself for mitosis(body cells) and/or meiosis(gametes) during the _____ phase.

Answer 47

G2

Question 48

The last phase is the ___ where the cell seperates into 2 new cells

Answer 48

M (mitosis)

Question 49

What phases make up interphase? A cell spends about ____ % of its lifetime here

Answer 49

G1, S, G2 90%

Question 50

Mitosis consits of how many phases? What is followed by imediately after?

Answer 50

4 prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase cytokinesis

Question 51

Cytokinesis is the ___________ __________ ____ ______________ ______.

Answer 51

physical separation of daughter cells.

Question 52

What protein controls other proteins through the addition of phosphate groups?

Answer 52

protein kinase

Question 53

What protein is accumulated during interphase?

Answer 53

Cyclin

Question 54

Apoptosis

Answer 54

cells undergo programmed cell death - maintains proper balance of cells in human body, gets rid of cancer cells

Question 55

Negative feedback

Answer 55

occurs when a hormone acts to directly or indirectly inhibit further secretion of the hormone of interest. - body temp when hot -> sweats

Question 56

Positive feedback

Answer 56

women delivering baby - keeps stimulus in the same direction, speeds up action

Question 57

What phase of the cell cycle does crossover occur? A. Metaphase of mitosis B. Metaphase I of mitosis C. Prophase I of meiosis D. Prophase of meiosis

Answer 57

C. Prophase I of meiosis - humans only, production of offspring