Unit 4. Ch 26 Flashcards
1
Q
How many mitotic divisions to spermatogonia undergo?
A
-2. to produce 4 spermatocytes
2
Q
What is the result of sperm meiosis?
A
-4 haploid spermatids at the end of two meiotic divisions
3
Q
What is the result of oocyte meiosis?
A
-sister chromatids separate but only one oocyte proceeeds (other polar body disintegrates). No second meiotic division in females.
4
Q
Why are sperm connected in spermatogenesis?
A
some sperm are X and some are Y. Need to be connected for gene product exchange.
5
Q
What is the difference between male and female gametogenesis?
A
Female: first meotic division not done until puberty. second division not until fertilization
Male: Two meiotic divisions in during puberty.
6
Q
What is spermatogenesis?
A
- Transformation of the spermatid into a spermatozoon
- Form acrosomal enzymes
- Form acrosome
- Form flagellum
- Package mitochondria
- Condense and repackage
7
Q
What is a spermatozoon?
A
-4 Parts: Head: nuclear material. Acrosome: containes enzymes to penetrate the ovum. Midpiece: mitochondria. Tail: flagella.
8
Q
What is oogenesis?
A
- Occurs in ovaries
- Mitotic division and meiotic arrest (fetal)
- Oogonia divide mitotically then enter meiosis I, but are arrested prior to first division. Some undergo apoptosis
- Suspended until puberty.
9
Q
What is the scrotum?
A
-sac
-compartment
temperature regulated
-Dartos: temperature
-cremaster muscle: protection
10
Q
What is the penis?
A
- copulation
- possesses “erectile tissue”
- fills with blood
11
Q
What are the testis?
A
- covered by tunics
- divided by septa into lobules each containing seminiferous tubules (sperm factory)
- myoid cells: contract rhythmically
12
Q
What are the sertoli and leydig cells
A
- sertoli: nurse cells. development and regulation
- leydig: testosterone in response to LH
13
Q
What is the epididymis?
A
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
13
Q
What is the epididymis?
A
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
13
Q
What is the epididymis?
A
- 20 day crash course
- swim school
- capacitance (penetration)
- concentration
14
Q
What are the Testis?
A
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
14
Q
What are the Testis?
A
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
14
Q
What are the Testis?
A
- made up of seroti and leydi cells
- seroti: nurse
- leydig: testosterone producton in response to LH from AP
15
Q
What is the Ductus Deferen?
A
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
15
Q
What is the Ductus Deferen?
A
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
15
Q
What is the Ductus Deferen?
A
- vas deferen
- storage
- store in a vase or some crap
- thick layers of smooth muscle for propulsion
- joins with seminal vesicle
16
Q
What is the ejaculatory duct?
A
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
16
Q
What is the ejaculatory duct?
A
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
16
Q
What is the ejaculatory duct?
A
-enters into the prostate and empties into the urethra.
17
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
17
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
17
What are the ducts?
- ductus deferen (vas)
- epididymis
- ejaculatory duct
18
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
18
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
18
What are the accessory sex glands?
- prostate
- bulbourethral gland
- seminal vesicles
19
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
19
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
19
What is the role of the seminal vesicles
- fructose
- prostaglandins (contraction of smooth muscle)
- make up 50-60% of dilute sperm
- enhance motility and fertilizing power
20
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
20
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
20
What is the role of the prostate gland?
- encircles the urethra
- neutralize acidic vaginal secretions
- clotting enzymes and fibrinolysin
21
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
21
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
21
What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?
- secretes lubricating mucus
- neutralizes urethra.
- sperm neutralizing vs. vag neutralizing!
22
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
22
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
22
what is semen?
- white sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
- clotting factors
- prostaglandins. reverse peristalsis of uterus
- suppress immune response
- alkaline
23
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
| testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
23
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
| testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
23
How is testicular function regulated? What inhibits what?
-inhibin inhibits FSH-
| testosterone inhibits LH and GnRH
24
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
| - LH: leydig
24
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
| - LH: leydig
24
What is different between FSH and LH?
- FSH: sertoli
| - LH: leydig
25
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
25
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
25
What are the roles of testosterone prior to birth, after birth, in reproductive activities, and non reproductive activities?
- prior to birth: masculinization of reproductive tract. descent of testes
- after birth: puberty. spermatogenesis. maintains reproductive tract. secondary sex characteristics.
- reproduction-related functions: sex drive. controls gonatdotropin hormone secretion
- nonreproductive: protein anabolic. bone growth. aggression. conversion to estrogen
26
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
26
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
26
What is the function of the female reproductive system?
- produce OVA (oogenesis)
- get sperm
- birth
- lactation
27
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
27
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
27
What is the ovary?
- highly vascularized, almond shaped structure
- ovarian follicle: oogenesis
- granulosa cell maintains oocyte, androgen to estrogen
- theca cell: support, cholesterol to androgen
oocyte: female gamete
28
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
28
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
28
What are the stages of the ovarian follicle?
- primordial follicle,
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graffian follicle-
- corpus luteum: post ovulation (yellow)
29
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
29
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
29
What are the 3 uterine wall layers?
- perimetrium
- myometrium
- endometrium
30
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
30
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
30
What are the stages of the ovarian cycle?
- follicular phase (1st half) ESTROGEN, growth
- ovulation: release of ovum
- luteal phase: corpora lutea
- preparation for reproduction
31
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
| - vaginal discharge of blood
31
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
| - vaginal discharge of blood
31
When does the menstrual phase occur?
- coincides with termination of the ovarian luteal phase
| - vaginal discharge of blood
32
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
32
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
32
When does the proliferative phase occur?
-repair and regeneration. ESTROGEN
33
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
33
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
33
when does the secretory phase occur?
- estrogen primed endometrium richly vasclarized and glycogen packed
- progesterone
34
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
34
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
34
What is true of hormonal control of the ovarian cycle? Role of LH and FSH?
- LH: theca cells
- FSH: granulosa cells
- Estrogen: regulates LH and FSH
- progesterone: produced by luteal cells
35
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
35
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
35
Production of estrogen?
LH-> thecal
Cholestrol-> Androgen (thecal)
Androgen-> Estrogen (FSH)
36
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
| but also positive signals
36
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
| but also positive signals
36
How are FSH and LH controlled?
negative feedback of estrogen
| but also positive signals
37
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
37
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
37
What is the signal of ovulation?
LH surge. Estrogen levels reach a certain level.
38
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
38
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
38
What is the role of the LH surge?
- halts estrogen synthesis
- reinitiates mei I
- triggers prostaglandin
39
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
39
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
39
What is the role of progesterone?
- secreted by luteal cells
- inhibits LH and FSH from AP
- prepares for implantation
- diminishes if implantation does not occur
40
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
40
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
40
Steps in fertilization?
- recognition
- activation sperm
- fusion of membranes
- add. entry blocked
- activation egg
- fuse
41
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
41
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
41
Where is the site of fertilization?
- oviduct is fertilization site
- must occur within 24 hours
- sperm survive 48 hrs to 5 days
42
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
42
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
42
Blocks to polyspermy?
2 mechanisms
- fast: transient, membrane potential change
- slow: calcium ions
43
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
43
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
43
Early development?
- zygotes becomes blastocyt
- attaches to uterus, the endometrium
- implantation
44
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
44
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
44
Embryonic development?
- blastocyt implants in endometrial lining by means of enzymes released by trophoblasts
- digest endometrial tissue
45
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
45
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
45
What are pregnancy hormones?
-hCG
46
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
| endocrine organ
46
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
| endocrine organ
46
What is the role of the placenta?
hCG/estrogen/progesterone
| endocrine organ
47
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
47
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
47
What is gestation?
-about 38 weeks
48
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
48
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
48
What is parturition?
- labor/delivery/birth
- dilation
- contraction
49
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
49
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
49
Role of oxytocin?
- stronger contraction
- positive feedback
- milk ejection
