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Human Physiology > Unit 4 Ch. 19 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Ch. 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the kidney?

A
  • regulate ECF volume/ BP
  • regulate osmolarity
  • ion balance
  • pH
  • waste excretions
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2
Q

What is the endocrine role of the kidney?

A
  • produces renin
  • produces erythropoietin
  • converts Vit D3 to active form.
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3
Q 
Trace the role of the following in the urinary system:
urinary bladder
urethra
kidney
renal artery
renal vein
renal pelvis
A
  • kidney: urine formation
  • renal artery: carried blood to kidney
  • renal vein: carries blood from the kidney
  • renal pelvis: collection cavity.
  • ureter: 2 of them, urine to bladder
  • urinary bladder: urine storing sac. relaxes with filling.
  • urethra: excretion tube
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4
Q

T/F: once urine is made by the kidney, it is modified in the urinary bladder.

A

FALSE. once urine is made by the kidney, it is neither altered in composition or volume. EVEN IF YOU ARE DYING OF THIRST!

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5
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney? Basic anatomy?

A
  • The nephron. Composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla that empties into the renal pelvis and then ureter.
  • Vascular and tubular components
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6
Q

What are the individual components of the vascular component of the nephron?

A
  • afferent arteriole: brings blood to the glomerulus
  • glomerulus: tuft of capillaries with lots of H2O filtration!
  • efferent arterioles: carry 80% of blood not filtered into kidneys
  • Peritubular Capillaries: Blood supply, tubular component.
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7
Q

What is the trace of blood flow in the kidneys?

A

afferent arteriole–> glomerular capillaries (vascular component)–> efferent arteriole–> peritubular capillaries (tubular component)–> cortical radiate vein

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8
Q

What are the components of the tubular component of the nephron?

A
  • Bowmans capsule: cups glomerulus
  • Proximal tubule: CORTEX! filtered fluid
  • loop of henle: hairpin loop, dips into MEDULLA. descending/ascending segments
  • juxtaglomerular apparatus: regulating site. @ 2 forks of afferent/efferent arterioles (which is which??)
  • distal tubule: empties into collecting duct
  • collecting duct: collects 8 nephron fluid. empties into renal pelvis.
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9
Q

What are the two types of nephrons? Distinguish by their location and length of their structures.

A
  1. cortical nephrons. 80% no vasa recta

2. juxtamedullary nephrons. 20% vasa recta. establish vertical osm. gradient/ urine conc.

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10
Q

What is the role of vasa recta?

A

-peritubular capillaries that closely associate with loop of henle.

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11
Q

What are the 3 basic renal processes?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration (20% of plasma)
  2. Tubular Reabsorption (filtered to blood)
  3. Tubular Secretion (filtered back to lumen)
    End Result: <1% of plasma leaves
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12
Q

In glomerular filtration, fluid must pass through 3 layers of glomerular membrane, what are they?

A
  1. Glomerular capillary wall: perforated, 100x H20 perm v. regular capillaries
  2. Basement membranes: prevent plasma proteins from entrance (glycoproteins/collagen)
  3. Inner layer of Bowman’s capsule: podocytes, foot processes (filtration slits).
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13
Q

What three forces are involved in glomerular filtration rate (GFR?) Do they oppose or promote filtration?

A
  • Glomerular capillary blood pressure: driving force filtration.
  • Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure: opposes filtration. Water wants to decrease concentration of blood plasma proteins
  • Bowman’s Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure: opposes filtration. Fluid pressure.
  • *Positive net filtration means inward GFR
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14
Q

How are changes in GFR regulated?

A
  • intrinsically: auto regulation

- extrinsically: sympathetic regulation

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15
Q

What is autoregulation?

A
  • Maintenance of a constant GFR at MAP between 80 and 180 mmHg.
  • Result: daily activities don’t disrupt kidney function.
  • Myogenic/ Tubuloglomerular feedback
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16
Q

Myogenic autoregulation responds to changes in pressure within the nephron’s vascular compartment. What is the result when blood pressure increases/ decreases?

A
  • BP increases: resistance in afferent arterioles which leads to decreased GFR.
  • BP decreases: resistance in efferent arterioles which leads to increased GFR.
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17
Q

Tubuloglomerular feedback is associated with changing NaCl concentrations in filtrate. What does inc/ dec. NaCl result in? What detects changing salt conc.?

A
  • Inc. NaCl. (retain water) decrease GFR
  • dec NaCl. increase GFR
  • Macula densa cells in distal tubule detect NaCl changes.
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18
Q
  • What is Tubular Reabsorption?
  • Distal or proximal tubule?
  • What 2 processes?
A
  • Tubular reabsorption is highly selective resulting in reabsorption into ECF and capillaries of necessary materials
  • Mostly in proximal tubule (closest one to glomerulus)
  • transepithelial and paracellular movement.
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19
Q

Explain Na+ reabsorption

A
  • Uniquely, varies along tubule length
  • 67% in proximal tubule (the girl that everyone follows ie. glucose, amino acids, water, Cl-, and urea)
  • 25% reabsorbed in loop of hence
  • 8% reabsorbed in distal/ collecting tubule. Role in ECF volume (RAAS!!)
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20
Q

What are the [Na+] in tubule lumen, proximal tubule cells, and ISF? How is Na+ transported?

A
  • Requires Na+-K+ ATPase (ATP pump!) to move from tubes to ISF
  • Tubule lumen: High [Na+] salty pee
  • Tubule Cell: Low [Na+] movement here is passive (diffusion)
  • ISF: high [Na+] so moves against gradient to here
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21
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed? What are the relative concentrations of glucose in lumen, tubule cells, and ISF?

A
  • Glucose concentrations opposite sodium!
  • Co-transport with sodium (the best friend)
  • First against gradient (co-trans) then by diffusion. Just think glucose (fuel) doesn’t want to be peed out!!! It will escape lumen at all costs
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22
Q

How is Cl- reabsorbed?

A
  • Results from active Na+ reabsorption
  • passive
  • down it’s E gradient and between (not through) cells
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23
Q

How is H2O reabsorbed?

A
  • travels via aquaporins
  • also travels through “leaky” junctions
  • directed by osmotic gradient to capillaries
  • proximal tubules: always open
  • distal tubules: vasopressin!
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24
Q

How is urea reabsorbed?

A
  • passive reabsorption
  • down concentration gradient
  • only waste product small enough to diffuse
  • conc. increases as you travel down proximal tubule. (due to Na and H2O leavings together like BFFS)
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25
What is tubular secretion?
- secretion INTO tubules | - active process (transepithelial transport)
26
When are H+ and K+ secreted?
- H+ : proximal, distal, collecting tubules. Inc. Acidity= Inc. Secretion (get rid of acid!!!) - K+: proximal tubules, reabsorbed. Distal tubules, secreted (conc. maintenance).
27
Trace the mechanism of K+ secretion from peritubular capillary-> IF-> Tubular Cell-> Lumen
- Peritubular capillary-> IF (diffusion) - IF -> Tubular Cell (Active transport) - Tubular cell-> Lumen (Passive transport via channel)
28
How is K+ secretion controlled?
- Controlled by aldosterone - Inc. plasma [K+], increased aldosterone. - Increased aldosterone, Inc. K+ secretion - Increased secretion, you pee out more potassium!
29
What is the purpose of the organic ion secretory system?
- Promote secretion of substances (organic ions) and remove them from blood - Encourages release from carrier and elimination (they've served their purpose) - Localized in the proximal tubule (get rid of faster!)
30
What is plasma clearance?
- The VOLUME (not amount) of plasma cleared of a particular substance per minute. - can measure GFR. - ex: glucose clearance=0 because it's all reabsorbed. - clearance>GFR: secretion
31
How does plasma clearance rate compare to GFR during reabsorption/secretion/equal parts?
- secreted but not reabsorbed (adding more substance to urine to get ride of): clearance>GFR - reabsorbed but not secreted (removing substance to use, glucose) : clearance
32
What are the roles of the bladder and urethra?
- Bladder: stores urine until micturition. Folded until full. Parasympathetic fibers. - Urethra: tube. 2 sphincters. Internal, smooth (not a true sphincter). External, skeletal.
33
What is micturition?
- Spinal reflect subject to higher brain control. - At rest: motor neurons fire - Peeing: Stretch receptors fire, parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop. Muscle contacts.
34
What is the role of vasa recta?
-peritubular capillaries that closely associate with loop of henle.
35
What are the 3 basic renal processes?
1. Glomerular Filtration (20% of plasma) 2. Tubular Reabsorption (filtered to blood) 3. Tubular Secretion (filtered back to lumen) End Result: <1% of plasma leaves
36
In glomerular filtration, fluid must pass through 3 layers of glomerular membrane, what are they?
1. Glomerular capillary wall: perforated, 100x H20 perm v. regular capillaries 2. Basement membranes: prevent plasma proteins from entrance (glycoproteins/collagen) 3. Inner layer of Bowman's capsule: podocytes, foot processes (filtration slits).
37
What three forces are involved in glomerular filtration rate (GFR?) Do they oppose or promote filtration?
- Glomerular capillary blood pressure: driving force filtration. - Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure: opposes filtration. Water wants to decrease concentration of blood plasma proteins - Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure: opposes filtration. Fluid pressure. * *Positive net filtration means inward GFR
38
How are changes in GFR regulated?
- intrinsically: auto regulation | - extrinsically: sympathetic regulation
39
What is autoregulation?
- Maintenance of a constant GFR at MAP between 80 and 180 mmHg. - Result: daily activities don't disrupt kidney function. - Myogenic/ Tubuloglomerular feedback
40
Myogenic autoregulation responds to changes in pressure within the nephron's vascular compartment. What is the result when blood pressure increases/ decreases?
- BP increases: resistance in afferent arterioles which leads to decreased GFR. - BP decreases: resistance in efferent arterioles which leads to increased GFR.
41
Tubuloglomerular feedback is associated with changing NaCl concentrations in filtrate. What does inc/ dec. NaCl result in? What detects changing salt conc.?
- Inc. NaCl. (retain water) decrease GFR - dec NaCl. increase GFR - Macula densa cells in distal tubule detect NaCl changes.
42
- What is Tubular Reabsorption? - Distal or proximal tubule? - What 2 processes?
- Tubular reabsorption is highly selective resulting in reabsorption into ECF and capillaries of necessary materials - Mostly in proximal tubule (closest one to glomerulus) - transepithelial and paracellular movement.
43
Explain Na+ reabsorption
- Uniquely, varies along tubule length - 67% in proximal tubule (the girl that everyone follows ie. glucose, amino acids, water, Cl-, and urea) - 25% reabsorbed in loop of hence - 8% reabsorbed in distal/ collecting tubule. Role in ECF volume (RAAS!!)
44
What are the [Na+] in tubule lumen, proximal tubule cells, and ISF? How is Na+ transported?
- Requires Na+-K+ ATPase (ATP pump!) to move from tubes to ISF - Tubule lumen: High [Na+] salty pee - Tubule Cell: Low [Na+] movement here is passive (diffusion) - ISF: high [Na+] so moves against gradient to here
45
How is glucose reabsorbed? What are the relative concentrations of glucose in lumen, tubule cells, and ISF?
- Glucose concentrations opposite sodium! - Co-transport with sodium (the best friend) - First against gradient (co-trans) then by diffusion. Just think glucose (fuel) doesn't want to be peed out!!! It will escape lumen at all costs
46
How is Cl- reabsorbed?
- Results from active Na+ reabsorption - passive - down it's E gradient and between (not through) cells
47
How is H2O reabsorbed?
- travels via aquaporins - also travels through "leaky" junctions - directed by osmotic gradient to capillaries - proximal tubules: always open - distal tubules: vasopressin!
48
How is urea reabsorbed?
- passive reabsorption - down concentration gradient - only waste product small enough to diffuse - conc. increases as you travel down proximal tubule. (due to Na and H2O leavings together like BFFS)
49
What is tubular secretion?
- secretion INTO tubules | - active process (transepithelial transport)
50
When are H+ and K+ secreted?
- H+ : proximal, distal, collecting tubules. Inc. Acidity= Inc. Secretion (get rid of acid!!!) - K+: proximal tubules, reabsorbed. Distal tubules, secreted (conc. maintenance).
51
Trace the mechanism of K+ secretion from peritubular capillary-> IF-> Tubular Cell-> Lumen
- Peritubular capillary-> IF (diffusion) - IF -> Tubular Cell (Active transport) - Tubular cell-> Lumen (Passive transport via channel)
52
How is K+ secretion controlled?
- Controlled by aldosterone - Inc. plasma [K+], increased aldosterone. - Increased aldosterone, Inc. K+ secretion - Increased secretion, you pee out more potassium!
53
What is the purpose of the organic ion secretory system?
- Promote secretion of substances (organic ions) and remove them from blood - Encourages release from carrier and elimination (they've served their purpose) - Localized in the proximal tubule (get rid of faster!)
54
What is plasma clearance?
- The VOLUME (not amount) of plasma cleared of a particular substance per minute. - can measure GFR. - ex: glucose clearance=0 because it's all reabsorbed. - clearance>GFR: secretion
55
How does plasma clearance rate compare to GFR during reabsorption/secretion/equal parts?
- secreted but not reabsorbed (adding more substance to urine to get ride of): clearance>GFR - reabsorbed but not secreted (removing substance to use, glucose) : clearance
56
What are the roles of the bladder and urethra?
- Bladder: stores urine until micturition. Folded until full. Parasympathetic fibers. - Urethra: tube. 2 sphincters. Internal, smooth (not a true sphincter). External, skeletal.
57
What is micturition?
- Spinal reflect subject to higher brain control. - At rest: motor neurons fire - Peeing: Stretch receptors fire, parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop. Muscle contacts.
58
What is the role of vasa recta?
-peritubular capillaries that closely associate with loop of henle.
59
What are the 3 basic renal processes?
1. Glomerular Filtration (20% of plasma) 2. Tubular Reabsorption (filtered to blood) 3. Tubular Secretion (filtered back to lumen) End Result: <1% of plasma leaves
60
In glomerular filtration, fluid must pass through 3 layers of glomerular membrane, what are they?
1. Glomerular capillary wall: perforated, 100x H20 perm v. regular capillaries 2. Basement membranes: prevent plasma proteins from entrance (glycoproteins/collagen) 3. Inner layer of Bowman's capsule: podocytes, foot processes (filtration slits).
61
What three forces are involved in glomerular filtration rate (GFR?) Do they oppose or promote filtration?
- Glomerular capillary blood pressure: driving force filtration. - Plasma-colloid osmotic pressure: opposes filtration. Water wants to decrease concentration of blood plasma proteins - Bowman's Capsule Hydrostatic Pressure: opposes filtration. Fluid pressure. * *Positive net filtration means inward GFR
62
How are changes in GFR regulated?
- intrinsically: auto regulation | - extrinsically: sympathetic regulation
63
What is autoregulation?
- Maintenance of a constant GFR at MAP between 80 and 180 mmHg. - Result: daily activities don't disrupt kidney function. - Myogenic/ Tubuloglomerular feedback
64
Myogenic autoregulation responds to changes in pressure within the nephron's vascular compartment. What is the result when blood pressure increases/ decreases?
- BP increases: resistance in afferent arterioles which leads to decreased GFR. - BP decreases: resistance in efferent arterioles which leads to increased GFR.
65
Tubuloglomerular feedback is associated with changing NaCl concentrations in filtrate. What does inc/ dec. NaCl result in? What detects changing salt conc.?
- Inc. NaCl. (retain water) decrease GFR - dec NaCl. increase GFR - Macula densa cells in distal tubule detect NaCl changes.
66
- What is Tubular Reabsorption? - Distal or proximal tubule? - What 2 processes?
- Tubular reabsorption is highly selective resulting in reabsorption into ECF and capillaries of necessary materials - Mostly in proximal tubule (closest one to glomerulus) - transepithelial and paracellular movement.
67
Explain Na+ reabsorption
- Uniquely, varies along tubule length - 67% in proximal tubule (the girl that everyone follows ie. glucose, amino acids, water, Cl-, and urea) - 25% reabsorbed in loop of hence - 8% reabsorbed in distal/ collecting tubule. Role in ECF volume (RAAS!!)
68
What are the [Na+] in tubule lumen, proximal tubule cells, and ISF? How is Na+ transported?
- Requires Na+-K+ ATPase (ATP pump!) to move from tubes to ISF - Tubule lumen: High [Na+] salty pee - Tubule Cell: Low [Na+] movement here is passive (diffusion) - ISF: high [Na+] so moves against gradient to here
69
How is glucose reabsorbed? What are the relative concentrations of glucose in lumen, tubule cells, and ISF?
- Glucose concentrations opposite sodium! - Co-transport with sodium (the best friend) - First against gradient (co-trans) then by diffusion. Just think glucose (fuel) doesn't want to be peed out!!! It will escape lumen at all costs
70
How is Cl- reabsorbed?
- Results from active Na+ reabsorption - passive - down it's E gradient and between (not through) cells
71
How is H2O reabsorbed?
- travels via aquaporins - also travels through "leaky" junctions - directed by osmotic gradient to capillaries - proximal tubules: always open - distal tubules: vasopressin!
72
How is urea reabsorbed?
- passive reabsorption - down concentration gradient - only waste product small enough to diffuse - conc. increases as you travel down proximal tubule. (due to Na and H2O leavings together like BFFS)
73
What is tubular secretion?
- secretion INTO tubules | - active process (transepithelial transport)
74
When are H+ and K+ secreted?
- H+ : proximal, distal, collecting tubules. Inc. Acidity= Inc. Secretion (get rid of acid!!!) - K+: proximal tubules, reabsorbed. Distal tubules, secreted (conc. maintenance).
75
Trace the mechanism of K+ secretion from peritubular capillary-> IF-> Tubular Cell-> Lumen
- Peritubular capillary-> IF (diffusion) - IF -> Tubular Cell (Active transport) - Tubular cell-> Lumen (Passive transport via channel)
76
How is K+ secretion controlled?
- Controlled by aldosterone - Inc. plasma [K+], increased aldosterone. - Increased aldosterone, Inc. K+ secretion - Increased secretion, you pee out more potassium!
77
What is the purpose of the organic ion secretory system?
- Promote secretion of substances (organic ions) and remove them from blood - Encourages release from carrier and elimination (they've served their purpose) - Localized in the proximal tubule (get rid of faster!)
78
What is plasma clearance?
- The VOLUME (not amount) of plasma cleared of a particular substance per minute. - can measure GFR. - ex: glucose clearance=0 because it's all reabsorbed. - clearance>GFR: secretion
79
How does plasma clearance rate compare to GFR during reabsorption/secretion/equal parts?
- secreted but not reabsorbed (adding more substance to urine to get ride of): clearance>GFR - reabsorbed but not secreted (removing substance to use, glucose) : clearance
80
What are the roles of the bladder and urethra?
- Bladder: stores urine until micturition. Folded until full. Parasympathetic fibers. - Urethra: tube. 2 sphincters. Internal, smooth (not a true sphincter). External, skeletal.
81
What is micturition?
- Spinal reflect subject to higher brain control. - At rest: motor neurons fire - Peeing: Stretch receptors fire, parasympathetic neurons fire, motor neurons stop. Muscle contacts.

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