Unit 4 Energy systems - Carb and fat metabolism

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions

Question 2

anabolism

Answer 2

Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones

Question 3

catabolism

Answer 3

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy

Question 4

aerobic catabolism

Answer 4

occurs in the presence of oxygen at rest or light exercise

Question 5

anaerobic catabolism

Answer 5

occurs without oxygen during moderate to vigorous exercise

Question 6

storage of carbohydrates

Answer 6

process: glycogenesis
–> glucose into glycogen

Question 7

glycogen - 5

Answer 7

• the storage form for carbohydrates in the body
• Structure is a long chain of glucose molecules bonded together
• Location of major storing sites: liver and muscles cells.
• anabolism reaction + condensation reaction when blood sugar is high
• general process: The body has eaten carbohydrates and digested it into glucose molecules. The body does not need the glucose molecules at that moment to generate ATP. It wants to store the glucose so it can use it later.

Question 8

role of insulin in the formation of glycogen- 4

Answer 8

• Insulin is the hormone responsible for causing the conversion of glucose to glycogen.
• Produced in the pancreas.
• Process is called glycogenesis
• During gluconeogenesis insulin causes muscle and liver cells to increase the number of Glut-4 AND activate glycogen synthase.
  –> Glucose → G6P → G1P → Glycogen

Question 9

release of carbohydrates - 6

Answer 9

process: glycogenolysis: glycogen into glucose

• Regulated by glucagon that is produced in the pancreas –> This increases glycogen phosphorylase enzyme
• Location is the liver
• Glycogen → G1P → G6P → Glucose
• catabolism + hydrolysis reaction when blood sugar is low
• general process of glycogenolysis: The body has fasted for a period of time. You need energy in the form of ATP. The body will break down glycogen to release glucose which can be converted to ATP in cellular respiration

Question 10

what our body needs during exercise: 3

Answer 10

• Need a source of ATP that we get from cellular respiration.
• To perform cellular respiration we use glucose and oxygen.
• a way to ensure the muscles are getting glucose.

Question 11

ways to increase muscle uptake during exercise - 3

Answer 11

Increase uptake of glucose from blood into skeletal muscle
- Insulin
- Muscle contractions

Question 12

muscle contractions during exercise

Answer 12

• Muscle contractions cause an increase in GLUT4 Transporters.
• The effects of the muscular contractions will continue into early post-exercise in order to restore glucose stores.

Question 13

why glucose doesn’t get stored during exercise - 2

Answer 13

• When glucose enters the muscle it gets phosphorylated –> has a phosphorus added to it
• This is a label that tells the muscle cell to send the glucose to the mitochondria instead of to generating glycogen

Question 14

major sites of tryglycerides storage

Answer 14

• Triglycerides are stored in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
• Stores fatty acids.

Question 15

lypolisis: 3

Answer 15

Aerobic Catabolism + hydrolysis reaction
Triglyceride → glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Glucagon helps trigger

Question 16

purpose of lipolysis - 3

Answer 16

• The body can use fatty acids to generate ATP in a process called fatty acid metabolism.
• By releasing the fatty acids from the stored form of triglycerides, the body can generate energy.
• Inhibited by insulin.

Question 17

insulin and fat

glycogen stores (3)

Answer 17

Glycogen stores have a capacity
* Each cell has a maximum capacity to store glycogen.
* Once glycogen stores are full, extra glucose is stored as adipose tissue (fat)