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Biology 122 > (Unit 4 Lab) The Immune System > Flashcards

(Unit 4 Lab) The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Immune System’s function?

A

To protect/defend the body from diseases and viruses.

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2
Q

What are the four kinds of “Non-Specific” Defense that the body has?

A
  1. The Epithelium
  2. Inflammation
  3. Complement Proteins
  4. Phagocytic White Blood Cells
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3
Q

What does “Non-Specific” Defense refer to?

A

This refers to the part of the immune system that reacts to threats the same regardless of difference.

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4
Q

What is the Epithelium?

A

This is a type of protective body tissue it’s secretions.

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5
Q

What are the technical names of the four subgroups of Epithelium?

A
  1. The Skin
  2. The Respiratory Epithelium
  3. The Stomach Epithelium
  4. The Secretions (tears, saliva, & skin oil)
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6
Q

How does the Skin protect against invaders?

A

The skin has many layers which makes it hard to permeate, however, the outermost layer of skin is comprised of dead cells.

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7
Q

What is the Respiratory Epithelium? How does it protect against invaders?

A
  1. This is the tissue that makes up the walls of the lungs.
  2. It secretes mucus to prevent inhaled invaders from permeating the inner skin of the lungs. Cilia line the inside of the stomach and constantly push the mucus (constant stream of secretions), upwards to be swallowed or coughed up. (taking any invaders with them)
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8
Q

What is the Stomach Epithelium? How does it protect against invaders?

A
  1. This is the tissue barrier that makes up the walls of the stomach.
  2. It secretes Gastric Acid, that is so acidic it kills anything it comes into contact with.
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9
Q

What are the three Epithelial Secretions?

A

Tears, Saliva, & Facial Oils

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10
Q

What important proteins/enzymes do Epithelial Secretions contain?

A
  1. The enzyme Lysozyme (weakens attackers)
  2. Peptide Antibodies
  3. General Antibodies
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11
Q

What happens if a bacteria permeates the epithelium barrier?

A

The second wave of defense: Inflammation
Inflammatory mediators will release and diffuse. (sounding the alarm)

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12
Q

What are Inflammatory Mediators?

A

These are signaling molecules. (That the epithelium was pierced)

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13
Q

What are the two sources that release inflammatory mediators?

A
  1. Mast Cells
  2. Macrophages
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14
Q

What are Mast Cells? What are Macrophages?

A

They are both white blood cells that release inflammatory mediators when they witness an invader.
However,
-Mast cells are stationary
-Macrophages are amoeba-like phagocytes

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15
Q

What is an example of an inflammatory mediator?

A

Histamine.

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16
Q

What are two effects of inflammatory mediators?

A
  1. Nearby capillaries dilate and increase their` leakiness
  2. They attract more macrophages (to smack the invaders around)
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17
Q

What is the Complement System?

A

A group of plasma proteins that are a part of the immune system

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18
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

These are plasma proteins that can form “membrane attack complexes.”

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19
Q

What are “Membrane Attack Complexes?”

A

These are structures formed by complement proteins that insert into the plasma membrane of a cell and kill said cell.

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20
Q

What are Phagocytic Cells?

A

This a group of white blood cell that are capable recognizing and engulfing foreign matter.

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21
Q

What is Phagocytosis?

A

This is when a cell engulfs another living cells (invader) or particles (food).

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22
Q

What are Antigens?

A

Antigen translates to “foreign things”, these are invaders to the body that do not belong there. So, any sort of foreign material.

23
Q

What are the three types of phagocytic white blood cells?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Macrophage
  3. Dendritic Cell
24
Q

Where can phagocytic cells be found?

A

Both in and outside the bloodstream.

25
Q

What are APC’s? Name two cells that are APCs.

A
  1. Antigen Presenting Cells are cells that kill then present the corpses of antigens to nearby cells to alert them. They typically go straight to the nearest lymph noid. (immune system-hub)
  2. Macrophages, Dendritic Cells
26
Q

What is Apoptosis?

A

Also known as “cell suicide”, when a cell is directed to digest its macromolecules.

27
Q

What cells induce apoptosis in invading cells?

A

TC Cells

28
Q

What are three things that TC cells target?

A
  1. Virally infected cells
  2. Tumor Cells
  3. Grafts
29
Q

What is the difference between Cellular Immunity Vs. Humoral Immunity?

A

H- Creates antibodies to kill antigens (Offensive)
C-Kills infected cells to stop the spread
(Defensive)

30
Q

What are Memory Cells?

A

These are cells that retain the antibodies for previously defeated antigens. If the body becomes reinfected with the same antigen, memory cells can immediately wipe them out.

31
Q

How are Memory Cells formed?

A

When B and T cells become activated, some become memory cells.

32
Q

How do Vaccines work?

A

A harmless pathogen is inserted into the body to induce the creation of memory cells. So if the proper pathogen invades the body, our immune system is ready to fight it off.

33
Q

What is an Autoimmune Disorder caused by?

A

This is when the immune system mistakes healthy tissue for an invader and attacks itself.
(Can involve a humoral or cellular attack. Or even both)

34
Q

What are the four common types of autoimmune disorders?

A
  1. Type 1 Diabetes (insulin-producing cells)
  2. Multiple Sclerosis (nerves)
  3. Lupus (everything)
  4. Rheumatoid Arthritis (joints)
35
Q

Are women or men more likely to suffer from an autoimmune disorder?

A

Women are much more likely.

36
Q

How do the Thymus and autoimmune disorders interact?

A

Adult T-Cells can be found in the Thymus (hence t-cells)

37
Q

What is the Humoral Immune Response? What two types of cell make up this response system?

A
  1. The part of the immune system that makes antibodies.
  2. B-Cells & Helper-T Cells
38
Q

What are Lymphocytes? What are the three types?

A
  1. A type of immune system cell. Specifically, a white blood cell with a single type of receptor for a single antigen.
  2. (B-cells) (Helper T-Cells) (Cytotoxic T-Cells)
39
Q

Where can Lymphocytes be found?

A

In the Lymph nodes.

40
Q

What lymphocyte aids in humoural and cellular immunity?

A

Helper T-Cells

41
Q

What do Cytotoxic T-Cells do? What type of immunity do they aid in?

A
  1. They kill cells infected with the invading virus.
  2. They are part of the Cellular Immunity
42
Q

What do Helper T-Cells do?

A
  1. They activate B-cells. (and sometimes Tc-Cells)
43
Q

What do B-Cells do? What type of immunity do they aid in?

A
  1. They make antibodies to fight of invading antigens.
  2. They are a part of the Humoral Immunity.
44
Q

How are Helper T-Cells activated?

A
  1. An AGP cell travels to the lymph node and presents the dead antigen.
  2. It finds a HT-cell with a matching receptor to the antigen.
  3. This connection between receptor and antigen activates the HT-Cell.
45
Q

Once a Helper T-Cell is activated, what does it do?

A
  1. It multiplies (makes tons of itself)
  2. It secretes signaling molecules that activate B-cells with the matching receptor for the antigen.
46
Q

How are B-Cells activated?

A

Helper T-Cells secrete signaling molecules that activate all B-Cells that have the same receptor for the invading antigen.

47
Q

Once a B-Cell is activated, what does it do?

A
  1. It multiplies
  2. Secretes antibodies
48
Q

What are Antibodies?

A

Proteins that bind to invading antigens.

49
Q

What are three things antibodies can do once they bind to an antigen?

A
  1. Block antigens from binding to new cells.
  2. Activate the complement system (kill this antigen!)
  3. Flag an invader for phagocytosis
    (kill this antigen!)
50
Q

How are Cytotoxic T-Cells activated?

A

The APC binds to matching T-cells in the lymph nodes. (receptor-antigen)

51
Q

What is the Cellular Immune Response? (Aka. Cellular Immunity)

A

This is the system that kills cells that have already been infected. This stops the spread of infection.
(The Defense)

52
Q

Once activated, what do Cytotoxic T-Cells do?

A

They seek out cells that display the same antigen they were presented, and direct them to commit apoptosis.

53
Q

What is the shorthand for….
1. B-Cells
2. Helper T-Cells
3. Cytotoxic T-Cells

A
  1. B-Cells
  2. TH-Cells
  3. TC-Cells

Biology 122 (18 decks)

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