Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Chem 101 > Unit 4 - Osmosis and Membrane Processes > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Osmosis and Membrane Processes Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is osmolality?

A

Measurement of solute concentration in a fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does high osmolality equal?

A

High solute concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does increased osmolality in blood tirgger? 2

A

Desire to drink
Release of antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does decreased osmolality in blood trigger? 2

A

inhibits desire to drink
Inhibits release of antidiuretic hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does serum osmolality tests assess? 4

A

Hydration status
hyperglycemia
functioning of hypothalamus
posioning by ethylene glycol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe antifreeze poisoning. What happens and how do you treat it?

A

Oxidation reactions in liver + kidneys metabolize ethylene glycol

Toxic metabolites causes metabolic acidosis and nephrotoxosis. Oxalate is cytotoxic

IV fluid therapy to restore hydration,
correct electrolyte imbalances, promote
kidney function and excretion of ethylene
glycol
 Sodium bicarbonate often included to
counteract excessive acid levels 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you treat antifree poisoning

A

 Solution of diluted ethanol often given as
treatment
 Works by competing with ethylene
glycol for binding site on enzyme that
converts ethylene glycol into toxic
metabolites
 Ethylene glycol can be eliminated from
the body unchanged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Isotonic fluid therapy

A
  • Osmolality comparable to that of normal blood
    Extracellular fluid has same conc. of dissolved substances as intracellular fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an ex of isotonic fluid therapy

A

0.9 % NaCl (saline)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe Hypotonic fluids

A

 Osmolality is less than that of blood
 Higher concentration of solutes in the cytoplasm than in the extracellular fluid
water flows into the cell and causes it to swell and possibly to break

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe hypertonic fluids

A

 Osmolality is greater than that of blood
 extracellular fluid has higher concentration of solutes than the cytoplasm
water leaves the cell, causing the cell to shrink and become shriveled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Electrolytes

A

 Small and most abundant solute in body
 Greatest ability to cause fluid shifts
between compartments
 Concentration in body fluids is
expressed as milliequivalents per liter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe organic molecules in body fluids. List some examples. 4

A

 Large and not as numerous
 Unevenly distributed among fluid
compartments
 Examples: soluble proteins,
phospholipids, cholesterol,
triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the relationship between osmolality and water?

A

 Any change in the concentration of
any solute incurs movement of
water from one compartment to
another
 water crosses cell membrane
or
 water crosses capillary walls
13

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe what an edema is. What are common signs?

A

 Abnormal, excess accumulation of
fluid in tissue
 Common sign of abnormal movement
of fluid from vascular space into
interstitial space
 Pulmonary edema
 Cutaneous edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the type of fluid: Crystalloid

A

Compo of water rich with electrolytes. Either hypotonic or isotonic
- Solutes are small, can cross vascular wall
- Good for rehydration of extravascular spaces and correcting acid/base imbalances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the type of fluid: Colloid

A

 Heavy molecules suspended in
isotonic crystalloid
 Solutes too large to cross vascular
wall
 “hold” fluid in intravascular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Give two specific examples of solutes in the body

A

Electrolytes, organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What type of fluid is used for fluid therapy contains large solutes

A

Hypertonic?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is membrane processes used for?

A

 Absorption of nutrients or excretion
of waste through plasma membrane
may occur with or without
expenditure of energy (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What two membrane processes are there?

A

Passive processses
Active processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What three ways can a membrane be permeable

A

freely permeable
impermeable
selectively impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is diffusion?

Study These Flashcards
A

Kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower conc.

= Concentration gradient

24
Q

What factors determin whether a cell may pass through the cell membrane?

Study These Flashcards
A

 molecular size
 lipid solubility
 molecular charge
channels allow certain ions to
pass through

25
What is facilitated diffusion? Give an example
 Selective carrier proteins assist in movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration  Process limited by number of carrier proteins available  Requires no energy from cell EX. glucose moves into muscle and fat cells
26
What is osmosis? Give an example
 Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from area of low solute concentration to higher solute concentration EX. water moves from stomach into bloodstream
27
What is osmotic pressure?
force of water moving from one side of membrane to the other because of differences in solute concentration
28
The difference between oncotic pressure and osmotic pressure? (not good)
Osmotic pressure is the force that drives the movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a high solute concentration, while oncotic pressure is the force exerted by proteins in the blood that draws water into the blood vessels. Oncotic = Pull
29
What happens when the LVLS of protein in plasma decreased and the balance is disrupted?
SQ edema ascites
30
Describe filtration. Give an example
It is based on a pressure gradient Liquids may be pushed thru membrane if pressure on one side is greater than that of the other side EX: filtration of blood in kidneys
31
What is hydrostatic pressure caused by?
beating heart
32
What is dialysis? What is it used for?
A type of diffusion used for animals with acute kidney failure to remove toxins the animal’s blood is circulated through an artificial kidney with semipermeable filaments
33
How does dialysis work?
An electrolyte solution called dialysate is driven through the artificial kidney in the opposite direction of the blood  Small solutes move out of the blood into the dialysate  Move from higher solute concentration to a lower one
34
Is diffusion an active or passive membrance process?
Passive. It moves from a high conc. To a low conc. So it has a uniform space
35
What is another name for hydrostatic pressure in the body?
Capillary blood pressure? The pushing force of water
36
What is active membrane processes?
Movement of molecules and substances across the cell membrane in which the cell is required to use energy
37
Why can't some molecules enter the cell by passive routes? 3
not lipid soluble too LG to pass membrane pore Going against conc. gradient
38
What two things make up active transport? What two things make up Cytosis?
- Symport system - Antiport system - Endocytosis - Exocytosis
39
Describe active transport and how it works?
Some amino acids and ions must rely on a carrier protein and energy (ATP) to move them through the plasma membrane
40
What four electrolytes can all cells active transport?
Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
40
What is the differences between the symport system and antiport system?
Symport : all substances move in the same direction Antiport : Some substances move in one directions, other move in opposite direction
40
What are the differences in ionic concentrations?
 Critical in maintaining proper fluid balances in all cells and tissue types  Important in normal functioning of irritable cells  Energy from cellular respiration fuels active transport  Examples: myofibrils and neurons
40
What is cytosis? How many types and what are they?
 Mechanism for bringing nutrients into the cell and ejecting waste requires ATP Two types:  endocytosis  exocytosis
41
What is endocytosis?
 Transports large particles or liquids into the cell by engulfing them  phagocytosis  pinocytosis  receptor-mediated endocytosis
42
What is phagocytosis?
 Cells engulf solid material  Vesicle formed called a phagosome  Macrophage – debris, dead cells, invaders Phagosome fuses with lysosomes for digestion  White blood cell – bacteria, viruses
43
How do macrophages and WBC move?
Amoeboid motion called pseudopodia
44
What is pinocytosis?
 Cells engulf liquid material  Involves only minute infolding of plasma membrane  Important in cells lining small intestine and renal tubules
45
Describe receptor-mediated endocytosis
 Very specific process  Occurs in cells with specific proteins in their plasma membranes  Ligands bind to specific receptors  vesicle is formed = coated pit  Insulin binding to insulin receptors
46
What is exocytosis?
 Cells export intracellular substances into the extracellular space  Substances packaged in vesicles by ER and Golgi body  Vesicles move through cytoplasm to cell surface, fuse with plasma membrane, and release contents into extracellular fluid  Neurons release packages of acetylcholine  Endothelial cells lining trachea secrete mucus  Mast cells release thousands of granules of histamine during allergic reactions
47
What is exocytosis simplified into two parts?
 Excretion – waste products  Secretion – manufactured molecules
48
Describe what membrane potential = voltage?
 Potential electrical energy created by the separation of opposite charges  Refers to changes in distribution of charged particles on either side of the cell membrane Plasma membrane more permeable to some molecules than others
49
What is the normal range of membrane potential?
-20 to -22 millivolts (mV)
50
What are the principal ions involved in membrane potential? What do they do?
K+ and Na+  Normally more K+ inside cell K+ moves out of cell by diffusion  Na+ more concentrated outside the cell Cannot easily enter the cell Every cycle of active transport: 3 Na+ exit for every 2K+ entering
51
What changes are included with resting membrane potential? 4
 environmental tonicity  osmotic pressure  temperature  contact with neighboring cells
52
How can a change of membrane potential affect a cell? list an example of it
Alters behaviour of some structural and enzymatic proteins ex. muscle cells - contract due to changes in membrane potential
53
Which type of exocytosis involves waste products being released?
excretions

Chem 101 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions