Unit 5 - Nutrients and Metabolism

Question 1

What are nutrients?

Answer 1

 Substances derived from food used to
carry out normal body functions

Question 2

What are the 6 categories of nutrients?

Answer 2

 water
 carbohydrates
 lipids
 proteins
 vitamins
 minerals

Question 3

Describe the three types of nutrients

Answer 3

Energy-producing
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
 Non-energy-producing
water, vitamins, minerals
 Essential
Those an animal cannot
manufacture
Must obtain from diet

Question 4

What is taurine? What happens when a cat does not get it?

Answer 4

Taurine is an organic compound found in meat n fish. Does not exist in plants.

Cats cannot make taurine so a veggie diet can cause taurine deficiency

which can cause retinal degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy and decreased reproductive success

Question 5

How can you obtain water? 4

Answer 5

ingesting food and drinks
oxidizing proteins, fats, and carbs

Question 6

Describe the nutrient glucose

Answer 6

Monosaccaride - simplest and smallest dietary carbohydrate
- Makes ATP thru glycolysis
- Excess is converted to glycogen or stored in liver OR converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue

Question 7

Describe saturated fatty acids

Answer 7

Single bonds b/w C atoms
Can accomodate the greatest # of H+ atoms
Has long chains
found in meat and dairy foods

Question 8

Describe unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 8

One or more double bonded between C atoms
Accomodates fewer H+ atoms
Liquid @ rm temp

Question 9

Give an example of monounsaturated fats. 2

Answer 9

olive and peanut oils

Question 10

Give an example of polyunsaturated fats. 3

Answer 10

corn, soybean, safflower oils

Question 11

Can essential fatty acids be synthesized? list 3 examples of essential fatty acids

Answer 11

cannot be synthesized

linoleic acid
linolenic acid
arachidonic acid

Question 12

Describe neutral fats. What fat-soluble vitamens do they help the body absorb?

Answer 12

Contain over twice as much potential energy by weight as proteins or carbs
make food taste good + stave off hunger
help body absorb vitamin A, D, E, K
important insulator, when stored
Protect + cushion vital organs
Major energy source for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells
rebuilt by liver - forming diff kinds of triglycerides

Question 13

What is the all or none rule for protein

Answer 13

All the needed amino acids MUST be present in the cell. This counts for essential and non-essential amino acids.

There must be a sufficient quantity and present at the same time

Question 14

What are essential amino acids

Answer 14

Animal cannot make them at all or not fast enough to meet body’s needs for tissue maintenance and growth

must be present in diet

Question 15

What are complete proteins? give 3 examples

Answer 15

 food products that contain all the
essential amino acids for a species
EX meat, eggs, dairy

Question 16

What are complement proteins? Give 2 examples of it

Answer 16

 food products, when ingested together,
contain all the essential amino acids for
a species
EX Legumes and grains

Question 17

Can amino acids be stored? What happens if they can’t be?

Answer 17

Cannot be stored
If not used immediately, they are oxidized by cell to make energy or converted to carbs or fats

Question 18

What is the nitrogen balance?

Answer 18

rate of protein synthesis equals rate of
protein breakdown and loss

 Nitrogen from protein breakdown is
packaged by liver into urea before it
is excreted by the kidney
 Urea can be measured by blood urea
nitrogen (BUN) test

Question 19

Describe the positive nitrogen balance. What does it help with?

Answer 19

 body incorporates more protein into
tissue than it is using to make energy
(ATP)
healing, pregnancy, animal growth

Question 20

Describe the negative nitrogen balance. What does it cause?

Answer 20

 protein breakdown exceeds amount of
protein being incorporated into tissue
stress, infection, starvation, poor
dietary protein

Question 21

What is the ideal protein content in foods

Answer 21

Includes all essential amino acids
needed by a species to meet its
metabolic requirements

Question 22

What is the biological value?

Answer 22

 percentage of absorbable protein
available for body functions
 not same as protein content
 Protein quality improved if feeds not
overprocessed or overheated in storage

Question 23

Describe ruminent digestion of protein. How does it work?

Answer 23

 Facilitated by microbes
 Microbial-made protein has consistent
quality regardless of the source
 protein in lower-quality feed is
improved by microbial metabolism
 Rumen has ability to convert non-
protein sources of nitrogen into
protein

Question 24

List three energy producing nutrient groups

Answer 24

Fats, carbs, proteins

Question 25

Describe vitamins. What do they function as? Give an example of their function

Answer 25

• essential for life
  
  • do not produce energy when metabolize and are not broken down into building block units

Func as co-enzymes or part of co-enzymes
molecular structure is key to activate an enzyme
EX. riboflavin and viacin req for breakdown of glucose

Question 26

What are the vitamins made in the body? 3

Answer 26

D - made in skin
K and biotin - made by bacteria in intestine
A - made by conversion of beta carotene

Question 27

Describe water soluble vitamins

Answer 27

• Absorbed through GI wall when water is absorbed
• very few stored in body
  Hypervitaminosis conditions are rare
• excesses are excreted in urin
  groups include:
  Vita C
  8 or B-complex vitamins (except b12)

Question 28

Describe fat soluble vitamins

Answer 28

Binds to ingested lipis b4 they are absorbed with ingesta
stored in body (except vita K) - possible toxicity to hypervitaminosis
group includes: vita A, D, E and K

Question 29

What are free radicals?

Answer 29

 Potentially harmful to body
 Generated when carbohydrates,
proteins, and lipids are oxidized as
part of normal metabolism
 Disarmed by antioxidants
 Vitamins A, Vitamin C, Vitamin E

Question 30

What are minerals? What 3 classes of minerals are there?

Answer 30

 Inorganic substances essential for life
 Non-energy producing
 Work with other nutrients to ensure
normal body function
 3 classes depending on how much is
required by body
 macrominerals
 microminerals
 trace elements

Question 31

Are minerals energy producing?

Answer 31

no

Question 32

What is a chemical reaction? What are the 4 types?

Answer 32

 Chemical reactions involve the
formation and breaking of chemical
bonds

 Redox
 Synthesis
 Decomposition
 Exchange

Question 33

What is a redox reaction?

Answer 33

an electron that is removed during the oxidation of an atom or molecule must be transferred to another atom or
molecule, which is reduced

Question 34

What is oxidation in redox?

Answer 34

 To combine with oxygen
 To lose hydrogen
 To lose electrons

Question 35

What is reduction in redox?

Answer 35

 To lose oxygen
 To combine with hydrogen
 To gain electrons

Question 36

What is synthesis? What is an example of it? How does it occur?

Answer 36

Smler molecules are bonded together to form lgr more complex molecules

EX. Amino acids joined to form protein molecule

Occur in body as anabolic process

Question 37

What is decomposition in reactions? Give an example and where it occurs

Answer 37

bonds in lgr molecules broken down to smler less complex molecules

Ex. Glycogen broken down to glucose

occur in body as catabolic process

Question 38

Explain exchange in chemical reactions. Give an example

Answer 38

Bonds are broken and made
EX. ATP transfers a phosphate to glucose to make glucose-phosphate

Question 39

What factors influence reaction rates?

Answer 39

• Concen. of reactants
• temp of environment
  -activation energy
  -presence of a catalyst