Unit 4 Outcome 1 Flashcards
how are countries classified 3 and 3
- low
- middle
- high
-economic
-social
-environmental
economic characteristics of low income countries
- limited industries
- large debt
low average incomes
limited trading with other countries
environmental characteristics of low income countries
- limited infrastrucutre
inadequate housing
lack of access to food
unsafe water
limited sanitation
social characteristics of low income countries
high birth rates
high unemployment
low levels of education
lack of a social security system
inadequate health system
gender inequality
lower access to technology
what is a GNI per capita
used to classify countries. it is tge total value of goods and services a countries citizen produces
economic characteristics of high income countries
High average incomes
Opportunity for global trade
Wide range of industries
Lower levels of poverty
environmental characteristics of high income countries
Adequate housing
High level of carbon dioxide emissions
Access to water and sanitation
Food security
Adequate infrastructure
social characteristics of high income countries
Access to technology
Developed health systems
High levels if employment
Higher levels of gender equality
Developed legal system
Developed social security systems
High levels of education
Low birth rates and population growth
4 factors contributing to similarities and differences in countries
- access to safe water
- poverty
- sanitation
- inequality and discrimination
what is safe water
water that is not contaminated with disease causing pathogens such as bacteria and viruses, or chemicals such as lead and mercury
4 diseases you can contract from unsafe water
gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera
cost of collecting water
Women spend 125million hours a day collecting water which is $24billion lost in economic benefits
collecting water increases:
-risk of injury
-time spent out of school
- risk of violence
impact of unsafe water on health and wellbeing and health status
lack of water:
- reduced ability to grow crop and feed livestock which reduces food availability
- increases risk of disease such as diarrhoea cholera and malaria
- lower life expectancy and higher under5 and infant mortaility rates.
what is discrimination
unjust treatment and the violation of rights of an individual due to factors such as their age, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation or socioeconomic status
what can discrimination result in
Reduces opportunities for education, employment and access to health care and a voice to governance of a country.
People may be charged with criminal offences, beated or executed
Woman experience a large proportion of the discrimination that impacts their health due to water collection, intensive farm work and prostitution
Woman may have few rights or none at all - land ownership, making decisions/voting, family planning and marriage
Women may be the subject of violence that is not illegal
Women may experience genital mutilation (culturally accepted in 85% of some countries)
what is sanitation
the provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human urine and faeces,
what is the impact that sanitation has on health
In 2015 lack of sanitation contributed to over 800 000 deaths, or around 2% of all deaths globally.
Inadequate sanitation is one of the main causes of contaminated water supplies in low and middle income countries and leads to increase rate of DALY from infectious diseases, such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid
lack of sanitation impact on human development
- menstruating girls dont attend schools
- Repeated infections caused by inadequate sanitation require medical treatment such as cholera
- children miss school from ingesting contaiminated water
- girls are suspectible to sexual assault
decrease life expectancy and increased infant and u5 mortality rate
what is poverty
Poverty refers to deprivation or lack of resources
Resources including:
Food
Shelter
Safe water
Health care
education
Those living on less than a US$1.90 a day is considered extreme poverty
Those living on less than 50% of their countries average income is considered relative poverty.
poverty and education
Reduced access to education results in lower literacy rates. This reduces opportunities for employment, perpetuating the cycle of poverty and the associated impacts such as limited access to food, water and health care, which contributes to higher rates of morbidity and premature mortality
Lower literacy rates results in lower levels of health literacy, which is a risk factor for ill-health and premature mortality from conditions associated with poverty such as HIV/AIDS
poverty and health care
Poverty usually results in the inability of individuals, including children and pregnant women, to afford healthcare.
Few countries have a universal healthcare scheme such as Medicare, so only those who can afford to pay for healthcare can receive treatment.
As a result children in low and middle income countries are much more likely to die from conditions that are often easily treatable in high income countries like Australia.
poverty and adequate housing
In many populations, especially in low and middle income countries, poverty means that many people live in adequate housing which contributes to ill health.
Adequate housing can reduce the risk of infectious diseases such as malaria by reducing exposure to the mosquitoes that spread it. Low income countries often lack adequate protection from such risks compared to high income countries.
A reliable electricity supply increases the ability of families to promote health and wellbeing and break the cycle of poverty by increasing opportunities for education, healthy food intake, access to technology and temperature control.
what is sustainability?
Sustainability is defined as meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
what is economic sustainability
Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and living costs in the future.
Adequate incomes also means that the government receives more funds through taxation and can provide public services to promote the health and wellbeing of its citizens.
