outcome 2 unit 3

Question 1

changes in life expectancy over time

Answer 1

Life Expectancy
Life expectancy data over time shows that significant improvements in health status have been made, with males expected to live 81.2 years in 2022 compared to 53.8 years in 1900. Similarly, females in 2022 had a life expectancy of 85.4 years compared to 57.5 years in 1900.

Question 2

mortality over time

Answer 2

Life expectancy has increased however there have been changes to the leading causes of mortality since 1900.
The diseases that were common in Australia during the first half of the twentieth century are in many ways different from those that Australians face now.
Diseases can be grouped into five broad categories and account for 60% of deaths around 19000 and no 83% in the early 2000s.

Question 3

what is public halth

Answer 3

Public health relates to the actions of governments to promote health and wellbeing and prevent the spread of disease. Eg. cholera, diarrhoea, measles.

Question 4

what is old public health

Answer 4

Government that focuses on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of diseases.
These actions contributed to a reduction in deaths from communicable diseases such as Cholera and Diarrhoea. As these were responsible for child mortality.

Question 5

8 examples of action that were undertaken to improve health

Answer 5

• Providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal
• Improved nutrition
• Improved housing
• Better work conditions
• Masses immunisation programs
• More hygienic birthing practices
• Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services
• Introduction of quarantine laws

Question 6

defining features of the biomedical model

Answer 6

• relatively expensive as medical professionals are central to the biomedical model and medical technology is also important in this model
• It focuses on the disease itself and not the factors that contribute to disease and therefore does not specifically target disease prevention
• It is responsible for many developments in medical technology and knowledge and is therefore a key reason for life expectancy increasing significantly over the past 100 years.
• It focuses on individuals with disease not the whole population
• It accounts for a large proportion of the health budget

Question 7

3 strengths and weaknesses of the biomedical model of health 4

Answer 7

• Created advances in technology and research to diagnose and treat health conditions. (pathology tests, x rays, MRI, CAT scan) but relies of professional health workers and tech so is costly
• Many common health conditions can be effectively cured and treated but doesnt always promote good health
• Extends life expectancy by intervening in health conditions that often results in early mortality but not every condition can be treated
• Improves quality of life for people living with a health condition by decreasing the impact of the condition such as managing symptoms or pain with medication and other treatments. but it represents a big cost to the government

Question 8

what is new public health

Answer 8

An approach to health that expands the traditional focus on individual behaviour to one that considers the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health, also referred to as the social model of health.

Question 9

what is the social model of health

Answer 9

An approach that recognises improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individual and population groups.
It was developed in response to many lifestyle diseases increasing and some population groups not experiencing the same improvements in health and wellbeing as the rest of the population.
As a result, ‘new public health’ was developed to focus on the broader factors that influence health and wellbeing; the sociocultural and environmental factors that have a significant impact on health status.

Question 10

examples of changes due to the social model of health

Answer 10

• Creating laws that promote health and wellbeing such as -smoking bans and road safety laws.
• Education campaigns such as the TAC TV ads, sunsmart.
• Empowering people by providing information about health foods through the health star rating system and educating people how to read food labels.

Question 11

defining features of the social model of health

Answer 11

Can improve health status of disadvantaged groups
Can prevent diseases from occurring in the first place
Focuses on the broader determinants of health
Focusesses on communities and groups rather than individuals
Relatively inexpensive

Question 12

strengths and weaknesses of the social model of health 4

Answer 12

• It promotes good health and wellbeing and assists in preventing diseases but not every condition can be prevented
• It promotes overall health and wellbeing but it does not promtoe the development of technology and medical knowledge
• It is less expensive than the biomedical approach bit it does not address health concerns of the individual
• Education can be passed on from generation to generation but health promotion messages may be ignored.

Question 13

5 principles of the social model

Answer 13

• Intersectoral Collaboration
• Addresses the broader determinants of health
• Empowers individual communities
• Acts to increase access to health care
• Acts to reduce social inequalities

Question 14

intersectoral collaboration

Answer 14

Intersectoral Collaboration
The greatest gains in health will be made if many sectors work together. Sectors such as the health sector, education sector, government and non government organisations, and the private sector should all work together. This will produce the greatest results.
Example: Road safety, TAC works with schools, community groups, sporting organisations and the health sector to promote the road safety message.

Question 15

Addresses the broader determinants of health

Answer 15

Addresses the broader determinants of health
Factors such as education, income, occupation, housing, access to healthcare and cultural barriers play a significant role in health outcomes and must be addressed to produce optimal health and wellbeing.
Example: indigenous health campaigns.

Question 16

Empowers individual communities

Answer 16

Empowers individual communities
Individuals and communities are more likely to embrace health programs if they play a part in the planning and delivery of different initiatives. They should also be given the skills and resources that they require to improve their health and wellbeing.
Example: healthy eating programs at schools

Question 17

Acts to increase access to health care

Answer 17

Acts to increase access to health care
Many people still lack access to health care for a variety of reasons; cultural, economic, geographic, education, transport and language etc. These barriers must be addressed in order to promote health and wellbeing.
Example: breast cancer vans that travel around Australia

Question 18

Acts to reduce social inequalities

Answer 18

Acts to reduce social inequalities
In order to improve health and wellbeing in disadvantaged groups, these inequities must be specifically targeted.
Example: welfare payments.

Question 19

the ottawa charter

Answer 19

One of the responses to the social model of health came at the World Health Organization’s first International Conference on Health Promotion held in 1986 in Ottawa, Canada.

The Ottawa Charter aims to assist government and non-governmental organisations in implementing the social model of health. Health promotion is the focus of the Ottawa Charter.
Health promotion is defined as ‘enabling people to take control over their health.’

Question 20

three strategies from ottawa charter + examples

Answer 20

• Advocate
  Acting on behalf of those who need help to navigate life and navi\gate it in a way that best improves healths
  Examples: Social media campaigns, publishing research, lobbying governments
• Enable
  Empower with knowledge, access to information and opportunities.
  Examples: access to education, empowering people through campaigns, access to resources.
• Mediate
  Coordinating the groups who contribute to better healthy outcomes.
  Examples: changes to funding, legislations and laws.

Question 21

action areas of ottawa charter 5

Answer 21

• Building healthy public policy: Laws and policies can be made by governments and non government organisations that promote health. (seat belt laws and no hat no play)
• Create supportive environments: Sociocultural and physical environments should be manipulated so that healthier choices are made easier. (reducing the price of fresh food or installing bicycle paths.)
• Strengthen community actions: maximum benefits to health are achieved when all groups work together to achieve a common goal. Government and non-government and the private sector should work together to promote public health. (Road safety, TAC)
• Develop personal skills: Education (teaching people how to select and prepare health foods)
• Reorient health services: The health system must change focus to health promotion instead of just focusing on treating disease (doctors prescribing exercise before a person has a heart attack.

Question 22

what is medicare

Answer 22

What is Medicare?
Medicare is Australia’s Universal Health Insurance Scheme. It is the responsibility of the Federal government
It was established in 1984 and administered by the Federal Government, Medicare gives all Austalians permanent access to subsidised healthcare.
Subsidised means that Medicare covers all or some of the cost of essential healthcare. You can go to a hospital and get treated, not asked if you can pay to get treated.
If you pay some of the cost it is called your co-payment

Question 23

what is the medicare levy

Answer 23

The medicare levy is an additional 2% tax placed on the taxable income of most taxpayers. Those with low incomes or with specific circumstances may be exempt from paying the levy which is fair and equitable.

Question 24

5 services covered by medicare, 4 services not covered by medicare

Answer 24

Are covered:
fee -free treatment and accommodation in public hospitals
Pathology such as blood and urine tests
Eye tests performed by optometrists
X rays
Most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by general practitioners

not covered:
Ambulance services
Home nursing care or treatment
Most dental examinations and treatment
Cosmetic surgery

Question 25

what is bulk billing

Answer 25

When there is no co-payment required by the patient. The doctor charges a medicare for the treatment and accepts what they are prepared to pay. Health care card holders normally end up bulk billed.

Question 26

out vs in hopsital expenses

Answer 26

Out of hospital expenses
Health care not in a hospital
Medicare will pay all or some of the fees relating to many essential healthcare services.
The medicare benefits schedule
The MBS is a document that lists the range of services covered.
It indicated how much medicare will contribute to costs
This is known as a schedule fee. The schedule fees are based on the amount that is thought to be reasonable on average for that particular service.

In hospital expenses
As a public patient in a public hospital, accommodation and treatment by doctors and specialists is covered by Medicare, including initial treatment and aftercare.

If an individual chooses to be admitted to private hospital or as a private patient in a public hospital, medicare will contribute 75% of the schedule fee for treatment by doctors and specialists

Question 27

medicare safety net

Answer 27

Provides additional financial assistance for those that incur significant out of pocket costs for Medicare services. If a person of a family spends a lot on health care in a year the safety net kicks in and covers even more of the cost.

Question 28

advantages and limitations of medicare

Answer 28

Advantages of Medicare
Choice of doctor for out of hospital services
Available to all australian citizens
Reciprocal agreement between Australia and other countries allows citizens to access free healthcare in selected countries.
Medicare safety net is in place

Limitations of Medicare
No choice of doctor for in hospital treatments
Waiting list for many treatments does not cover alternative therapies
Often does no cover full amount of doctors visit

Question 29

what is the pharmaceutical benefiuts scheme

Answer 29

The purpose of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme is to subsidise the cost of essential medicines for Australians (includes anyone covered by Medicare.)

Only covers medicine prescribed by a doctor
Not all prescriptions are covered

The federal government funds the PBS and an independent government body recommends what should and should not be covered by the scheme Pharmaceutical benefits advisory committee.

The patient co-payment for most PBS subsidised medication is up to $30 or $7.30 for a concession card holder. The government pays the remaining cost.

There are a number of drugs not on the PBS

There is a PBS safety net

Question 30

private health insurance

Answer 30

Private Health Insurance is a type of insurance under which members pay a premium in return for the insurance company paying some of the health related costs not covered by medicare. It is additional insurance that can be purchased on top of medicare that some people choose to buy

Question 31

private health insurance incentives
3

Answer 31

In order to encourage people back into private health insurance the government introduced a number of incentives.
Private health insurance rebate - based on income, some people with private health insurance are eligible for a rebate from the federal government ranging from 9-27%
Lifetime cover - those who take out insurance after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premium for every year they are over the age of 30
The medicare levy surcharge - high income earners who do not have private health insurance pay a higher premium. This is income tested so those with higher incomes pay a higher surcharge.

Question 32

3 advantages and disadvantages of private health insurance

Answer 32

Advantages and Disadvantages
Enable access to private hospital care but costly in terms of premiums that have to be paid
Choice of doctor in both public or private hospital but sometimes insurance doesn’t cover the whole fee
Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures but qualifying periods apply for some conditions

Question 33

ndis

Answer 33

The NDIS is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent, significant disabilities, and their families and carers.

The national disability insurance agency (NDIA) was established in 2013 by the federal government as an independent agency responsible for implementing the NDIS.

Funded by the federal and state/territory governments, the NDIS works to assist individuals with disabilities to live an ordinary life.

Question 34

eligibility for NDIS

Answer 34

To be eligible for the NDIS, a person must be aged under 65 and meet both the residency and disability requirements.

The residency requirements are twofold:
Be an australian citizen or hold a permanent visa or a protected special category visa
Live in Australia where the NDIS is available.
The disability requirements are fourfold:
You have an impairment or condition that is likely to be permanent
Your impairment substantially reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities, or perform tasks or actions unless you have
Assistance from others
Assistive technology or equipment
You can’t participate effectively even with assistance or aids and equipment
Your impairment affects your capacity for social and economic participation
You are likely to require support under the NDIS for your lifetime.

Question 35

NDIS focus

Answer 35

Develop individualised plans based on goals and aspirations
Such a greater independence, community involvement, employment, improved health outcomes.

Identifies the functional support needed for daily living and participation
Support required to pursue goals
Access mainstream services and supports
Access community services and support
Maintain informal support arrangements
Receive reasonable and necessary funded support.