Unit 4 - Part 7 Vaccine Preventible Diseases Flashcards
(85 cards)
1
Q
What types of polio can cause paralysis (3)?
A
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
2
Q
What kind of genome does Polimyelitis have?
A
Single-strand RNA non-enveloped viruses
3
Q
What is the mode of transmission for poliomyelitis?
A
Person-person
fecal-oral route) or (contact with throat secretions
4
Q
What is the incubation period of poliomyelitis?
A
7 - 14 days
5
Q
What is the period of communicability of poliomyelitis?
A
As long as the virus is excreted
- 1 week in throat
- 3 weeks in feces
6
Q
True or False:
Poliomyelitis is a disease that can be prevented with a vaccine
A
True
7
Q
Describe the steps of pathogenesis of polimyelitis
A
- Virus replicates in oropharyngeal and intestinal mucosa
- Virus spreads to tonsils and multiplies in Peyer’s patches
- Virus is absorbed in bloodstream and spreads to internal organs and lymph nodes
- Virus spreads to spinal cord and brain
- Paralysis
8
Q
What are the 4 phases of poliomyelitis?
A
- Alimentary phase
- Lymphatic phase
- Viremic phase
- Neurologic phase
9
Q
What are risk factors for developing poliomyelitis?
A
- living with infected person
- unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated
- immunocompromised
- poor sanitation
10
Q
True or False:
Botulism causes ASYMMETRICAL paralysis
A
False
- Botulism causes SYMMETRICAL paralysis
11
Q
True or False:
Polio causes ASYMMETRICAL paralysis
A
True
- also causes flaccid paralysis
12
Q
Why can polio lead to death?
A
Paralysis of respiratory muscles could lead to death
13
Q
True or False:
Photophobia is a symptom of poliomyetlitis
(What is photophobia?)
A
True
- Photophobia is a condition, where the light hurts your eyes
14
Q
What are clinical features of untreated polio?
A
Abnormal limb development and respiratory distress
15
Q
What kind of polio vaccine is used in Canada?
A
Inactivated vaccine (killed viruses) - protects against all 3 types of polio
16
Q
What are the only 3 countries left in the world that have not been declared polio free?
A
- Afghanistan
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
17
Q
Is it true that a patient can live a long time, being infected with polio as long as the lungs aren’t affected?
A
True!
- it WILL cause physical deformities though
18
Q
What does it mean to say that the influenza virus is “segmented”?
A
There are 8 different segments to the genome
- therefore, it is possible for ONE cells to be infected with multiple strains of influenza and these strains can recombine themselves to create a mutant strain that has never been seen before
19
Q
What is the main reservoir for the flu virus?
A
Humans
- can be pigs and birds though too
20
Q
True or False:
The influenza virus is a single stranded RNA enveloped virus?
A
True
21
Q
What is the period of communicability of influenza?
A
Day before symptom onset until about 5 days after
22
Q
Is a fever a sign of the common cold or the flu?
A
The Flu
23
Q
What are 4 complications of the flu?
A
- Pneumonia
- Febrile seizures (CNS complications)
- Hospitalizations
- Death
24
Q
What are the risk factors for getting the flu?
A
- Age = young children and older adults
- Immunocompromised
- Chronic illness (asthma/diabetes)
- Pregnancy (greater chance of complications during 2nd and 3rd trimester)
- Obesity ( BMI > 40)
- Living in facilities (nursing homes)
25
Describe the genome of the measles
Single strand RNA virus
| - it has H spikes but they are different from those of the influenza virus
26
What is the POC for measles?
Usually 4 days BEFORE and after the rash appears
| - by the time we know that the kid is affected, the virus has already spread
27
What is Koplik's spots indicative of? What are they?
Measles
| - white spots in the mouth
28
Describe the rash that is seen in measles
Maculopapular rash
- small raised bumps may appear on top of the flat red spots
- on face, neck, trunk, arms, legs and feet
29
What are the 4 outcomes that can happen as a result of measles?
1. Recovery
2. Postinfectious encephalitis
3. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
4. No resolution of acute infection (fatal)
30
What are 4 risk factors that increase the likelihood of contracting measles?
1. Lack or incomplete vaccination
2. International travel
3. Vitamin A deficiency
4. Immunocompromised
31
What is the measles virus typically offered with?
Mumps and Rubella
| Measles, mumps, rubella = MMR
32
What is attenuation?
A process to make live viruses non-pathogenic
| - but they are still ALIVE
33
Describe the measles vaccine
Made up of attenuated (weakened) live viruses
34
What is a telling sign that a patient has mumps?
Enlargement of the salivary glands
35
What is the period of communicability for mumps?
7 days BEFORE the onset of parotitis and 9 days AFTERWARDS
36
What is parotitis?
Swollen and tender salivary glands under the ears on one or both sides
37
What are 4 complications of mumps?
1. Orchitis
2. Oophoritis
3. Meningitis and encephalitis
4. Pancreatitis
38
What is orchitis?
Swelling of the testes
| - occurs in 20-30% of post-pebertal males that get mumps
39
What is oophoritis?
Swollen ovaries
| - occurs in 5% of post-pubertal females that get mumps
40
True or False:
| Research has shown that mumps and rubella are associated with the onset of type 1 diabetes
True
41
Describe the genome of rubella (german measles)
Single strand RNA enveloped virus
42
How are enveloped viruses released from the host's cells?
Budding process
43
What is the period of communicability of rubella?
7 days before the onset of rash to 4 days or longer afterwards
44
What is different between the s/s of rubella and measles?
```
Measles = high grade fever, koplik's spots
Rubella = LOW grade fever, absence of koplik's spots, rash is less intensely red
```
45
True or False:
| Arthralgia and arthritis are complications of rubella
True
- rare in children
- quite common in adult women
46
What is arthralgia?
Pain in the joint
47
What can happen if a non-immune pregnant woman acquires rubella during the 1st trimester?
There is a 90% chance that the infant will develop CRS
| - Congenital rubella syndrome
48
What are the s/s of CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) (5)?
- cataracts
- heart defects
- deafness
- microcephaly
- possibly fetal death
49
True or False:
| It is possible to vaccinate against rubella
True
- it is a combo vaccine
- MMR (measles, mumps, rubella)
50
What is the mode of transmission for hepatitis B virus?
Person to person
| - via contact with blood and body fluids
51
True or False:
| Age is a risk factor for developing a chronic Hepatitis B infection
True
- Neonate: > 90%
- 1 year: > 80%
- 5 years: 10-30%
- 12+ years: < 10%
52
What is the period of communicability of Hepatitis B virus?
As long as the infected person is shedding the virus
53
True or False:
| Hepatitis B infections can be acute or chronic
True
- acute = 90 - 95%
- chronic = most likely the result of infection at/around birth
54
What are some s/s of Hepatitis B?
- fever
- n/v
- fatigue
- abdominal and joint pain
- dark urine
- jaundice
55
What are two serious complications of chronic hepatitis B infections?
1. Cirrhosis
| 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
56
Describe the vaccine for Hepatitis B.
A subunit vaccine
- recombinant DNA product
- containing the surface antigen
- not the whole virus
- not the live virus
57
If a person has antibodies against HBsAg - what are they protected against?
Hepatitis B
| - the person makes antibodies against the surface antigen
58
True or False:
| There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis C
False
59
Since there is no vaccine for Hepatitis C, what is used for treatment?
Sofosbuvir
| - inhibits viral replication enzyme
60
Which hepatitis viruses have DNA genmoes, which have RNA genomes?
Hep A = RNA
Hep B = DNA
Hep C = RNA
61
Which hepatitis viruses have an envelope, which do not?
Hep A = no envelope
Hep B = envelope
Hep C = envelope
62
Describe the genome of human papilloma virus (HPV)
Double stranded DNA
| - non-enveloped virus
63
What is the period of communicability of HPV?
Unknown
| - may be transmitted when skin lesions are present or no longer visible
64
True or False:
| Most HPV infections are symptomatic
False
| - most HPV infections are Asymptomatic
65
How long does it typically take for the immune system to resolve HPV?
1. 70% within a year
2. 90% with 2 years
3. Remaining 10% = persistent infection
66
What are the complications of HPV?
Cancers of the cervix, vagina, penis, anus, rectum and throat
67
What are the risk factors for HPV?
- increasing number of lifetime sexual partners and early age of sexual activity
- immunocompromised
- co-infection with chlamydia and possible HSV
68
How is the HPV vaccine different now than back in 2006?
Now: protects against 9 types of HPV
2006: protected against 4 types of HPV
69
Describe the vaccine for HPV
Subunit vaccines made by recombinant DNA
70
What does the varicella zoster virus cause (2)?
1. Varicella (chickenpox)
| 2. Herpes zoster (shingles)
71
Describe the genome for varicella zoster
Double strand enveloped virus
72
What are the s/s of varicella zoster?
- rash (turns into itchy, fluid-filled blisters)
- fever
- fatigue
- headache
- loss of appetite
73
What are the risk factors for varicella zoster?
- age
- unvaccinated persons
- immunocompromised
- pregnancy (higher risk of pneumonia for mom)
74
What are the complications of varicella zoster?
- Secondary bacterial skin infections
- Pneumonia
- Encephalitis
- Sepsis
75
True or False:
| The chickenpox vaccine can also provide protection against the flesh eating disease
True
76
What does the varicella zoster vaccine contain?
Live attenuated viruses
77
What is breakthrough varicella?
Varicella in 15-20% of vaccinated children
| - occurs more than 42 days after vaccination with a shorter duration of illness and less severe
78
What is now done to prevent breakthrough varicella?
2 doses of the vaccine are given
79
Describe the genome for the rotavirus
Double stranded DNA
| - non-enveloped
80
What are the s/s of rotavirus?
Acute gastroenteritis
- fever
- stomach pain
- vomiting and watery diarrhea
- loss of appetite
81
What are the risk factors of rotavirus?
AGE ( 3 months - 35 months old)
- immunocompromised
- children in child care settings
- older adults and adults caring for young children
82
What is the seasonal trend for rotavirus?
Winter and Spring
83
What is the main complication of rotavirus
Dehydration
84
What is contained in the vaccine for rotavirus?
Attenuated live vaccines
85
True or False:
| The nasal spray for the flu virus contains inactivated viruses or are subunit vaccines
False!
- the nasal spray contains live viruses
- the injected vaccines contain the inactivated/subunit vaccines
