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NURS 2228 - Microbiology > Unit 4 - Part 5 > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Part 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define virology

A

Study of viruses

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2
Q

What are the differences between viruses and bacteria (3)?

A

Viruses are:

  1. acellular infectious agents
  2. unable to metabolize, generate energy and multiply independently
  3. obligate intracellular parasites
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3
Q

True or False:

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasite

A

True

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4
Q

Define obligate intracellular parasite

A

Must enter a suitable host cell in order to propagate

- viruses are inert outside the host cells

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5
Q

True or False:

Viruses are much smaller than other microbes

A

True

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6
Q

What is the typically range in size of a virus that is pathogenic to humans?

A

20 - 300 nm

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7
Q

What are the two things that every virus has?

A
  1. Capsid

2. Viral genome

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8
Q

It is possible that a viral genome is made up of RNA and DNA?

A

No

  • it can only be RNA OR DNA
  • not both
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9
Q

What are some EXTRA structural components that SOME viruses have (3)?

A
  1. Replication enzymes
  2. Envelope
  3. Glycoprotein spikes
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10
Q

What are the ways that viruses are classified?

A
  1. (Genome) Nucleic acid type
  2. Presence or absence of an envelope
  3. Capsid symmetry
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11
Q

What is the function of the viral capsid (2)?

A
  1. Encloses
  2. Protects
    - the viral genome and replication enzymes from degradation
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12
Q

What is the viral capsid made up of?

A

Proteins

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13
Q

What are the protein subunits of the viral capside called?

A

Capsomers

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14
Q

How to capsomer assemeble to form the capsid during viral replication?

A

Spontaneously self-assemble

wow

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15
Q

What are the two patterns that capsids form in animal/human viruses?

A
  1. Helical

2. Icosahdral

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16
Q

What does it mean to say that a virus shows symmetry?

A

If the capsid is cut in half, the two halves will be identicle

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17
Q

What are the two ways that viruses fit together?

A
  1. Spiral

2. Helix

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18
Q

What kind of virus shape often appears to have a rod-shaped structure under the electron microscope?

A

Helical viruses

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19
Q

What are some example of viruses that are helical in nature and appear as rod-shaped under the electron microscope (3)?

A
  1. Measles
  2. Mumps
  3. Influenza
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20
Q

Define icosahedral

A

20 sided

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21
Q

For a virus that is icosahedral - what is each side made up of?

A

An equilateral trigangle

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22
Q

What are three examples of icosaheral viruses?

A
  1. Herpes
  2. HIV
  3. HPV
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23
Q

What allows a naked virus to attach to host cell receptors?

A

The capsid

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24
Q

What are the components of the nucleocapsid?

A

The viral genome packed inside the capsid

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25
What does it mean if a virus is a naked nucleocapsid virus?
It doesn't have an envelope
26
What is the viral envelope made up of (2)?
Viral proteins (1) and host cell (membrane) phospholipids (2) that encloses the nucleocapsid
27
What contains surface projections called spikes?
Viral envelope
28
What is the function role of glycoprotein spikes on the viral envelope (2)?
1. Allows attachment to specific host cell surface receptors | 2. Facilitates the release of newly created mature viruses from infected cells
29
True or False: | Enveloped viruses are more susceptible than naked viruses to chemical biocides (such as alcohol)
True
30
What could be a means to render a virus that has a viral envelope inactive?
Destruction of the envelope and it's glycoprotein spikes that are required to cause infection
31
Describe the hierarchy for organisms that are most resistant to least resistant
1. Prions 2. Bacterial spores 3. Protozoal Oocysts 4. Mycobacteria 5. NON-ENVELOPED VIRUSES (small) 6. Protozoal cysts 7. Fungal spores 8. Gram (-) bacteria 9. Fungi and algae 10. NON-ENVELOPED VIRUSES (large) 11. Gram (+) bacteria 12. ENVELOPED VIRUSES
32
What are the spikes on the HIV virus?
1. GP 120 2. GP 41 - together known as GP 160
33
What does GP stand for?
Glycoprotein
34
What does the number behind GP represent?
The molecular weight/size of the glycoprotein
35
What does the HIV GP 120 bind to in humans?
CD4 receptor on T helper lymphocytes
36
What are the two kinds of spikes that are found with the influenza virus?
1. Hemaggluntinin (H or HA) spikes | 2. Neuraminidase (N or NA) spikes
37
Which influenza spikes attach to receptor sialic acid on cells in the respiratory tract?
Hemaggluntinin spikes (H or HA)
38
Which influenza spikes cleave and release the viral progeny from the infected cell to promote spreading to uninfected surrounding cells?
Neuraminidase spikes (N or NA)
39
What type of influenza is classified into subtypes according to H and N spikes?
Influenza type A
40
What does the different H spikes on the influenza virus determine?
Host specificity and range
41
What are the H subtypes that are most common causes of the human flu?
H1 H2 H3
42
True or False: | It is possible to have an influenza that is able to cross kingdoms
False | - is NOT transmissible between plant-animal or animal-plant
43
True of False: | It is possible to have an influenza that is able to cross species
True! - bird flu (avian-human - swine flu (pig-human)
44
In H1N1 (human swine) flu, where did the H1 spikes bind to?
Cells in the human upper respiratory tract | - more efficient transmission
45
In the H5N1 (avian) flu, where did the H5 spikes bind to?
Cell in human LUNGS - not very effective in binding to cells in the upper respiratory tract - Therefore, LIMITED human to human transmission
46
What are two examples of replication enzymes that some viruses carry with them?
1. Reverse transcriptase | 2. Protease
47
True or False: | A virus contains either DNA or RNA as its genetic blueprint
True - they are either DNA viruses OR RNA viruses - not a combination of both...
48
How are the viral DNA/RNA genomes structured (2)?
1. Single-stranded 2. Double-stranded (ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA, or dsRNA)
49
What influences the virus' ability to multiply in the host cells (2)?
1. The type of genome (DNA or RNA) | 2. Polarity (in ssDNA and ssRNA)
50
True or False: | RNA viruses are only enveloped viruses - there are not any naked RNA viruses
False! | - RNA viruses can be either enveloped OR non-enveloped
51
True of False: | RNA viruses can be either single or double stranded
True | - in both categories (enveloped and non-enveloped)
52
True or False: | DNA viruses can be either enveloped or non-enveloped
True
53
True or False: | DNA viruses, if enveloped, only come in single strands
FALSE | - they ONLY come in DOUBLE strands
54
True or False: | DNA viruses, if non-enveloped, come in single or double strands
True
55
What is the clinical significance of the virus-host range and specificity?
It determines the communicability and virulence of the virus
56
True or False: | An immune response to a virus may result in production of antibodies against specific viral structures
True
57
True or False: | The presence of antibodies for a virus, indicate immunity against the virus
FALSE - could help eradicate the virus - could help protect against future infection - HOWEVER, presence of antibodies does not mean that you are protected against it
58
What does a subunit viral vaccine contain?
Contains just the viral structure required to infect cells | - does not contain the live virus
59
What are some examples of viral vaccines that use subunits?
- HPV - Hepatitis B - Influenza vaccines
60
How do antiviral drugs work?
By inhibiting their enzymes | - interfere with viral replication

NURS 2228 - Microbiology (9 decks)

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