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APHUG > Unit 4: Political Processes > Flashcards

Unit 4: Political Processes Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

Annexation

A

To legally add territory to a state or city

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2
Q

Apartheid

A

means “apartness;” racial segregation in South Africa

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3
Q

Balkanization

A

process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities

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4
Q

Border landscape

A

Three types of borders: 1. geometric, 2. physical, and 3. cultural

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5
Q

Boundary disputes or functional dispute

A

a disagreement between neighboring states over policies to be
applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups,
or illegal immigration or emigration.

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6
Q

antecedent boundary

A

one drawn across an area before it is well populated, that is, before most of the cultural
landscape features were put in place

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7
Q

subsequent boundary

A

boundary drawn after the development of the cultural landscape

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8
Q

consequent

A

a type of a subsequent boundary , also called an ethnographic, where the border drawn is to
accommodate existing religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences between countries

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9
Q

superimposed boundary

A

a boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes, a country, or a people by a conquering or
colonizing power that is unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns

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10
Q

relic

A

a former boundary line that no longer functions as such is still marked by some landscape features or
differences on the two sides

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11
Q

Delimitation

A

the translation of the written terms of a boundary treaty (the definition) into an official cartographic
representation

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12
Q

Demarcation

A

the actual placing of a political boundary on the landscape by means of barriers, fences, walls,
or other markers.

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13
Q

natural / physical boundaries

A

those boundaries based on recognizable physiologic features, such as mountains, rivers,
and lakes

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14
Q

ethnographic / cultural boundaries

A

when the boundary coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and
religion

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15
Q

geometric boundaries

A

political boundary defined and delimited as a straight line or an arc.

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16
Q

Buffer state

A

an independent but small and weak country lying between two powerful countries

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17
Q

Centrifugal

A

forces within a state that divide people.

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18
Q

Centripetal

A

forces within a state that unify people

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19
Q

City-state

A

a sovereign state comprising a city and its immediate hinterland.

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20
Q

Colonialism

A

attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural
principles in another territory

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21
Q

Confederation

A

a group of states united for a common purpose, but the member states’ autonomy is prioritized

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22
Q

Core Regions

A

regions that dominate trade, control the most advanced technologies, and have high levels of
productivity within diversified economies.

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23
Q

Periphery Regions

A

regions with undeveloped or narrowly specialized economies with low levels of
productivity.

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24
Q

Decolonization

A

the acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory.

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25
Devolution
the transfer of certain powers from the state central government to separate political subdivisions within the state’s territory because of various factors that have caused instability like physical geography, economic, or social issues
26
Domino Theory
if one country in a region chose or was forced to accept a communist political and economic system, then neighboring countries would be irresistibly susceptible to falling to communism
27
DMZ
the demilitarized zone between North and South Korea
28
EEZ
exclusive economic zone, as established in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a zone of exploration extending 200 nautical miles (370 km) seaward from a coastal state that has exclusive mineral and fishing rights over it
29
Electoral geography
the study of the interactions among space, place, and region and the conduct and results of elections
30
Enclave
a piece of territory surrounded by, but not part of, country.
31
Exclave
a piece of national territory separated from the main body of a country by the territory of another country.
32
Ethnic enclave
a small area occupied by a distinctive minority culture
33
European Union
an economic association established in 1957 by a number of Western European countries to promote free trade among members; often called the Common Market
34
Federal State
an internal organization of a state that allocated most powers to units of local government or subnational governments. Benefits: Less conflict between regions, more diversity and pluralism, attention to local issues = more participation from constituents Downsides: neglecting national issues in favor of local ones, too much power is given to local issues, laws are not standard, some areas may have more funding or allocations of funding = different education standards
35
Forward-Thrust Capital
a capital city deliberately sited in a state’s frontier zone.
36
Geopolitics
the branch of political geography treating national power, foreign policy, and international relations as influences by geographic considerations of location, space, resources, and demography
37
Gerrymandering
to redraw voting district boundaries in such a way as to give one political party maximum electoral advantage and to reduce that of another party, to fragment voting blocks, or to achieve other non democratic objectives
38
Heartland Theory
The belief of Halford MacKinder that the interior of Eurasia provided a likely base for world conquest
39
Rimland Theory
The belief of Nicholas Spykman that domination of coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide a base for world conquest
40
International organization
group that includes tow or more states seeking political and /or economic cooperation with each other.
41
Irredentism
the assertion by the government of a country that has a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally Or when an ethnic group wants to separate itself from its state
42
Landlocked
a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
43
Landlocked
a state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea.
44
Manifest destiny
a future event accepted as inevitable ; broadly : an ostensibly benevolent or necessary policy of imperialistic expansion
45
Microstate
an imprecise term for a state or territory small in both population and area. An informal definition accepted by the United Nations suggests a maximum of 1 million population combined with a territory of less than 270 sq mi.
46
Nation
a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs A cultural entity
47
Nation-state
an ideal form consisting of a homogeneous group of people governed by their own state.
48
Reapportionment
the process of allocation electoral seats to geographical areas
49
Regionalism
a feeling of collective identity based on a population’s politico-territorial identification within a state or across state boundaries
50
Satellite state
a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power.
51
Self-determination
concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
52
Shatter belt
a zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups States often break up, form, or join, and there is a lot of violence and conflict
53
Sovereignty
the right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territorial boundaries without external interference.
54
State
a centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often synonymously with “country. ”
55
Stateless nation
a nation that does not have a state.
56
Supranationalism
occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity.
57
territorial disputes
disagreement between states over the control of surface area.
58
Territoriality
an individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory.
59
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: a code of maritime law approved by the UN in 1982 that authorizes, among other provisions, territorial waters extending 12 nautical miles from shore and 200 nautical mile wide exclusive economic zones.
60
Unitary
a state in which the central government dictates the degree of local or regional autonomy and the nature of local governmental units; a country with few cultural conflicts and with a strong sense of national identity. Most states in the world are unitary Benefits: fewer government agencies, more efficiency, less corruption on the local level Downsides: government can become out of touch with local areas, especially ones far away from the capital, tend to favor the politically or culturally dominant group, can be slower to respond to local issues
61
Multi state nation
A group connected ethnically or culturally connected people that are spread over multiple states
62
Multinational state
A state with many ethnicities
63
Autonomous or semiautonomous states
Regions that are able to govern themselves ex. Hong Kong in China
64
Choke point
A narrow, strategic passageway that is difficult to pass through There is a lot of competition for their use, making the countries that control them powerful and wealthy Ex. Suez Canal
65
Federation
a group of states with a central government and some independence in internal affairs

APHUG (8 decks)

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