Unit 5: Agriculture

Question 1

Adaptive Strategies

Answer 1

Describes a society’s system of economic production
-helps explain some of the differences between societies that are influenced by economy.

Question 2

Agrarian

Answer 2

People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext.
-Where agrarian people and societies are located is not generally near cities ext. but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities.

Question 3

Agribusiness

Answer 3

Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
-It influences how things are grown and what people eat.

Question 4

Agricultural Industrialization

Answer 4

The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc
-Makes it a lot faster for farmers to yield crop

Question 5

Agricultural landscape

Answer 5

The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.
-Effects how much yield one gets from their plants.

Question 6

Agricultural location model

Answer 6

a model designed by Von Thunen, that depending on the cost of transportation and the value of hte product, different types of farming are conducted at different distances from a city. Site or human factors were not considered in this model.
-when deciding whree to locate a farm, a farmermust take into consideration how much it costs to ransport their product. Location of farm affects what a farmer will produce (if in rural area farmer is less likely to grow highly perishable and bulky products)

Question 7

Agricultural origins

Answer 7

Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting likely was orginated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia.
-Without the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated population

Question 8

Agriculture

Answer 8

The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and hte raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain.
It has influenced the growth of areas and human society.

Question 9

Animal Domestication

Answer 9

Domestication of animals for selling or using by products.
-Helped us obtain meat with out having to go out and kill our food right before dinner

Question 10

Aquaculture

Answer 10

The cultivation of aquatic organisms especially for food.
-Allowed us to use the sea and its abundant sources of food for our benefit.

Question 11

Biorevolution

Answer 11

The revolution of biotechnology and the use of it in societies.
-Has allowed us to revolutionize our societies

Question 12

Biotechnology

Answer 12

Using living organisms in a useful way to produce commercial products like pest resistant crops.
-Has helped the farmers grow a more bountiful harvest through the using of pesticides etc.

Question 13

Collective farm

Answer 13

an agricultural production unit including a number of farm households or villages working together under state control.
-a type of farming that certain countries use that influences the amount of food produced and sold

Question 14

Commercial agriculture (initensive,extensive)

Answer 14

Ariculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the ffarm. Two types: intensive(ex: terracing in South Asia) and extensive (ex: farming in Southern MN)

Question 15

Crop Rotation

Answer 15

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.
-Takes up large areas of land but keeps land usable for future generations.

Question 16

Cultivation Regions

Answer 16

Regions where there is agricultural activity
-Areas with agricultural activity generally are not a place where a big city would be located-affects locations of different areas.

Question 17

Dairying

Answer 17

The farming and sale/distribution of milk and milk products.
-gets is calcium, allows for people to move to the city because there is a way of getting milk or milk products.

Question 18

Debt-for-nature swap

Answer 18

When agencies such as the World Bank make a deal with third world countries that they will cancel their debt if the ocuntry will set aside a certain amount of their natural resources.
-affects how and how much countries use their resources, also the money given to the countries helps them energize their economies.

Question 19

Diffusion

Answer 19

The process or spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
-this is how everything is spread around the world.

Question 20

Double cropping

Answer 20

Harvesting twice a year from the same land
-Can cause agricultural exhaustion making people move away from the land.

Question 21

Primary Economic Activity

Answer 21

Involves jobs like lumber and mining

Question 22

Secondary Economic Activity

Answer 22

Manufacturing products and assembling raw materials

Question 23

Tertiary Economic Activity

Answer 23

the service sector that provides us with transportation, communication and utilities

Question 24

Quaternary Economic Activity

Answer 24

the service sector dedicated to jobs such as trade, insurance, banking, advertising and wholesaling.

Question 25

Quinary Economic Activity

Answer 25

the service sector dedicated to health, education, research, government, retailing, tourism and recreation. -All of these jobs are necessary in the world

Question 26

Environmental modification (Pesticides, soil erosion, desertification

Answer 26

The destruction of the environment for the purpose of farming (Using pesticides that drain in to the water and soil and pollute them overuse of land causing the desert like condition sof desertifciation (dust bowl) -Doing harm to the enviornment through pesticides and causing desertification have horrible long term effects on humans and their future.

Question 27

Extensive subsistence agriculture (pesticides shifting cultivation(slash and burn, milpa, swidden)

Answer 27

Use many fields for crop growing each field is used for a couple of years then left fallow for a relatively long time.

Question 28

Nomadic Herding/Pastoralism

Answer 28

Based on herding domesticated animals -Effect the way that some in the world to live and where they fall in demographic transition

Question 29

Extractive Industry

Answer 29

the extractive industry is made up of mining, quarrying, dredging, oil and gas extraction industries.

Question 30

Farm Crisis

Answer 30

Any disaster or occurrence that interrupts a farming season and hurts the farms profits for that time.

Question 31

Feedlot

Answer 31

a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market -Essential to how we live and eat today-necessity for most people's diets.

Question 32

First Agricultural revolution

Answer 32

Around 8000 B.,C. when humans first domesticated plants and animals. -This allowed for future generations to grow larger because they no longer wwere just a hunter gatherer society.

Question 33

Green Revolution

Answer 33

Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizer. Because of it, agricultural productivity at a global scale has increased faster than the population.

Question 34

Growing Season

Answer 34

The season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude

Question 35

Hunting and Gathering

Answer 35

Before the agriculture, humans gained food by hunting for animals, fishing, or gathering plants. They lived in small groups (less than 50 people) traveled frequently following game and seasonal growth of plants.

Question 36

Intensive subsistence agriculture;

Answer 36

a form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasibly yield from a prcel of land. Popular because the ration between farmers and arable land is so high, most of the work is done by the family by hand or by animal with processes refined ovre thousands of years.

Question 37

Livestock ranching

Answer 37

commercial grazing of livestock over an extensive area. Practiced is semi-arid or arid land, where vegetation is too sparse or the soil to poor to support crops. Prominent in later 19th century in the American West; ranchers free roamed throughout the West, until the U.S. government began selling land to farmers who outlined their farms with barbed wire, forcing the ranchers to establish large ranches to allow their cattle to graze.

Question 38

Market Gardening

Answer 38

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.

Question 39

Mediterranean Agriculture.

Answer 39

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates, et al0

Question 40

Mineral Fuels

Answer 40

(fossil fuel) natural resources containing hydrocarbons, which are not derived from animal or plant sources

Question 41

Plant Domestication

Answer 41

genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention

Question 42

Plantation Agriculture

Answer 42

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives

Question 43

Renewable Resources

Answer 43

minerals that can be used and replaced over a relatively short time period; ex: trees, beans, bananas, sugar, tea

Question 44

Nonrenewable Resources

Answer 44

resources that cannot be replaced in a short amount of time, people will use them up before they can be replaced by nature Ex. Fossil Fuels

Question 45

Dispersed Rural Settlement

Answer 45

rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

Question 46

Nucleated Rural Settlement

Answer 46

a clustered village pattern

Question 47

Second Agricultural Revolution

Answer 47

Precursor to Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, that allowed a shift in work force beyond subsistence farming to allow labor to work in factories. Started in UK, Netherlands, and Denmark, especially with the Enclosure Act, which consolidated land in Great Britain. Poratoes and corn diffused from Americas to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial pssessions to Europe, and other resources followed from colonial possessions to Europe.

Question 48

Specialization

Answer 48

Third level of cities (behind World Cities, and Command and Control Centers), offer a narrow and highly specialized variety of services. Typically specialize in management, research and development of a specific industry (motor vehicles in Detroit), or are centers of government and education, notably state capitals that also have a major university (Albany, Lansing, Madison, or Raleigh-Durham).

Question 49

Staple Grains

Answer 49

Maize, wheat, and rice are the most produced grains produced world wide, accounting for 87% of all grains and 43% of all food. Maize staple food of North America, South American, Africa, and livestock worldwide, wheat is primary in temperate regions, and rice in tropical regions.

Question 50

Survey Patterns (Long Lots)

Answer 50

(French) Houses erected on narrow lots perpendicular along a river, so that each original settler had equal river access.

Question 51

Survey Patterns (Metes and Bound)

Answer 51

(English) Uses physical features of the local geography, along with directions and distances, to define the boundaries of a particular piece of land. Metes refers to boundary defined by a measurement of a straight run, bounds refers to a more general boundary, such as a waterway, wall, public road, or existing building.

Question 52

Survey Patterns (Township-and-range)

Answer 52

(U.S.A) surveys used west of Ohio, after the purchase of the Louisiana Purchase. Land is divided into six-mile square blocks (township), which is then divided into one-mile square blocks (range). Ranges were then broken into smaller parcels to be sold or given to people to develop.

Question 53

Survey Patterns (Sustainable Yield)

Answer 53

Ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, the surplus required to maintain nature's services at the same or increasing level over time. Example, in fisheries the basic natural capital decreases with extraction, but productivity increases; so the sustainable yield is within the ranch that the natural capital together wit production are able to provide satisfactory yield.

Question 54

Third Agricultural Revolution

Answer 54

Green Revolution Rapid diffusion of new agricultural techniques between 1970s and 1980s, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Has caused agricultural productivity at a global scale to increase faster than population growth.

Question 55

Mechanization

Answer 55

Farmers need tractors, irrigation pumps, and other machinery to make the most effective use of the new miracle seeds. Farmers in LDCs cannot afford this machinery or the fuel to run the equipment, so governments must allocate funds to subsidizing the cost of seeds, fertilizers and machinery.

Question 56

Chemical Farming

Answer 56

Increased use of fertilizers with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The development of higher-yield crops has produced: a miracle wheat seedwhich is shorter and stiffer, less sensitive to variation in day length, responds better to fertilizers, and matures faster; a similar miracle rice seed, that was heartier and has increased yields; a high-yield corn seed is currently being developed.

Question 57

Food Manufacturing

Answer 57

the Green Revolution has increased production to avoid widespread famine. Allowing populations in developing nations to consume 25% more than before. This increase in diets is questioned by the content in diets; Asian farmers are eating more rice than fish and other vegetables because they can rely on rice to grow efficiently.

Question 58

Transhumance

Answer 58

pastoral practice of seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.

Question 59

Truck Farm

Answer 59

Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities. Predominant in Southeastern U.S.A, because of the long growing season and humid climate, accessibility to large markets of New York, Philadelphian, and Washington. Truck farms grow many of the fruits and vegetables that consumers demand in developed societies. Truck farms sell some of their product to fresh markets, but mostly to large processors for canning or freezing. Truck farms are highly efficient and large-scale operations that take full advantage of machines at every stage of the growing process.

Question 60

Von Thunen, Johann Heinrich

Answer 60

1826, Northern Germany. When choosing an enterprise, a commercial farmer compares two costs; cost of the land versus the cost of transporting production to market. Identifies a crop that can be sold for more than the land cost, distance of land to market is critical because the cost of transporting varies by crop. Also found that specific crops were grown in varying rings around city. Market-oriented gardens and milk producers in first ring, because of expense of transportation and perish-ability. In the next rings wood lots used for construction and fuel, because it is a heavy industry with high transportation costs. Next rings are used for various crops or pasture, with the outermost ring devoted to animal grazing. Von Thunen's theory disregards site or human factors.

Question 61

Cash Crops

Answer 61

crops, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit

Question 62

Luxury Crop

Answer 62

non subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco

Question 63

Economy of scale

Answer 63

When quantity of production increases production costs decrease Costco: buying in bulk decreases the cost per product Monoculture: growing mass quantities of one product that requires all the same inputs decreases the cost of production

Question 64

women in agriculture

Answer 64

paying women will fix all issues