Unit 4 Study guide editon

Question 1

How much water is freshwater?

Answer 1

2%

Question 2

What is a water budget?

Answer 2

A numerical estimate of how much water is in the storages and flows of the water cycle.

Question 3

In what ways do humans impact the water cycle?

Answer 3

Humans impact the water cycle by extracting fresh water from natural resources for domestic, agricultural, and industrial use. Then returning the water after it is used with contaminants. Humans also diverge the directions of natural water to build things such as roads or to store in dams.

Question 4

What are the transfers in the water cycle?

Answer 4

Advection (wind-blown movement), flooding, surface run-off, infiltration(water running though soil and rocks), stream flows or currents.

Question 5

What are the three transformations in the water cycle?

Answer 5

evaporation, condensation, and freezing

Question 6

What is upwelling?

Answer 6

Upwelling is when nutrients from the bottom of the water gets brought up to the surface

Question 7

What affects ocean circulation systems?

Answer 7

Differences in temperature and salinity

Question 8

How does upwelling happen?

Answer 8

Upwelling happens when the surface water is blown around in a three-dimensional pattern which causes water from 300m below the surface to be brought to the surface bringing along nutrients of decomposed matter up with it.

Question 9

What is ENSO?

Answer 9

The El Nino southern oscillation pattern alters the ocean-atmospheric circulation patterns.

Question 10

What changes with ENSO?

Answer 10

ENSO means a rise in water temperatures, trade winds from east to west weaken, warmwater travels east, leading mositure to rise into the air.

Question 11

What is freshwater?

Answer 11

Freshwater is water that is found in bodies of non-saltwater and in underground aquifers.

Question 12

How have shared freshwater resources led to international conflict?

Answer 12

Because of conflicts involving contamination and water access. Along with depleting water levels and increased water use.

Question 13

How have humans impacted the availability of freshwater?

Answer 13

People have limited access to freshwater because they have caused climate change which has affected rainfall patterns making access to freshwater from rain unreliable and unpredictable. Plus after freshwater use, while in some places it is filtered not everything gets filtered out and some places do not have the means to access freshwater.

Question 14

How have shared freshwater resources led to international conflict?

Answer 14

Because everyone from each country is concerned about wanting to use the water for themselves and increasing population levels and quality of life leads to more water use as the amount of rainfall gets depleted.

Question 15

What are some examples of shared freshwater resources causing international conflict?

Answer 15

The Colorado River in the United States is mostly in the US but it also goes through Mexico to the Gulf of Mexico. In the United States, it goes through Arizona, California, and Nevada which have a shortage of water already. So the conflict lies in the US using and contaminating the water meaning that Mexico does not get the benefits of the river.

Question 16

How is freshwater contaminated?

Answer 16

It is contaminated through water use by humans with nitrates and phosphates from laundry detergent, or fertilizers leading into the soil and ending up in freshwater sources causing eutrophication. Or water is not filtered pollution waste.

Question 17

Why is demand for seafood increasing?

Answer 17

Human population on the rise and seafood being viewed as a healthier protein soucre.

Question 18

What are the unsustainable fishing strategies?

Answer 18

The unsustainable means of fishing are blast fishing (explosives), dredging (dragging a metal bag across the ocean floor leading to bycatch and ecosystem harm), gillnets (netting placed in the water to catch only the heads of the fish can lead to by catch), Trawing ( a boat with the net dragging behind).

Question 19

What are sustainable fishing stragies?

Answer 19

Line fishing can be pretty sustainable since it does not harm the envtionment. Gillnets can be sutainable if there is a careful avoidance of bycatch.

Question 20

What is aquaculture?

Answer 20

The growing, and harvesting underwater of plants and animals.

Question 21

An example of aquaculture would include…

Answer 21

fish farming

Question 22

What are the benefits of aquaculture?

Answer 22

Aquaculture supports employment in rural areas, provides humans with more food, and is more sustainable in being able to use the waste from livestock and poultry instead of fishmeal.

Question 23

What are the downsides of aquaculture?

Answer 23

The downside to aquaculture is that habitats are lost in the creation of fish farms, diseases are easily spread due to close spaces, and sometimes genetically modified species escape competing with natural species. Water gets polluted with fish feed and medication.

Question 24

What is the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 24

The tragedy of the commons is the theory that everyone who sees a resource as belonging to everyone people tends to overuse and exploit it to make sure they have enough for themselves instead of focusing on everyone as a whole. ex the Colorado river

Question 25

What are the different types of aquatic pollution?

Answer 25

Point source, non point source, organic, inorganic, chemical, physical, and biological

Question 26

Examples of chemical pollution

Answer 26

Industrial waste and agricultural runoff

Question 27

Examples of physical pollution

Answer 27

noise, thermal, and trash

Question 28

Examples of biological pollution

Answer 28

invasive species and wastewater

Question 29

What is the process of eutrophication?

Answer 29

The process of eutrophication is when there is an excess of phosphates in the water. (since the usual amount is very limited. As algae bloom it blocks out sunlight to the plants below causing them to die. The increase in algae provides food to smaller animals like zooplankton. Which are food sources for fish. Increasing the fish population but decreasing the zooplankton population meaning fewer algae is being consumed. The algae die and get decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. But there is not enough oxygen in the water causing everything to die as the food chains fall apart.

Question 30

How do humans influence euthorfication?

Answer 30

By using fertilzers and laundury detergents that get into freshwater soucres leading to euthofication.

Question 31

Ways to minimize euthorifcation?

Answer 31

Replace- ban products with high levels of nitrates and phosphates Reduce- Treat wastewater to remove nitrates and phosphates Restore- adding air to lakes that are affected be euthrofiaction

Question 32

How are indicator species used to measure water quality?

Answer 32

They are used by being found in water sources and based on the species being present in the water is a sign of the health of the waters ecosystem.

Question 33

How do the effects of ENSO affect the ocean climate?

Answer 33

The warm water pushes the colder water down preventing upwelling from happening causing some species to migrate to cooler temperatures. Because of less marine life predators and fisheries suffer.

Question 34

How does ENSO affect land?

Answer 34

The warm air causes more storms, rainfall, and floods along the west coast of America. In Australia and southeast Asia, they have droughts wildfires, and colder ocean waters.

Question 35

What are some examples of how humans affected the water cycle?

Answer 35

In the Ganges basin, deforestation has led to more floods because the rain can't get absorbed by plants.

Question 36

In what directions do ocean currents move in?

Answer 36

Ocean currents move the water vertically and horizontally.

Question 37

How are surface currents moved?

Answer 37

They are moved by the wind and the earth's rotation.

Question 38

What is the cause of deep water currents?

Answer 38

They are caused by salt and temperature.

Question 39

What is the relation between water temperature and salt levels?

Answer 39

Warm water holds less salt making it rise while cold water holds more salt making it sink.

Question 40

What causes upwelling?

Answer 40

Warm water rises meaning cold water comes in to take its place brining nutrients along the way.

Question 41

In what directions do cold and warm currents go?

Answer 41

cold ocean currents go from the poles to the equator and warm currents go from the equator to the poles.

Question 42

What is an example of the tragedy of the commons?

Answer 42

An example would be of the Grand Banks on the coast of Newfoundland. What used to be one of the most plentiful sources of fish on earth with a booming fishery. However after being fished in places like Spain, England, France, Portugal, Newfoundland, Russia, Canada, and the US. They had to shut down the fisheries in 1992. And to this day the fish populations have yet to recover.