Unit 4 Test

Question 1

what are the signals of the endocrine system

Answer 1

neurotransmitters and hormones

Question 2

where do neurotransmitters travel

Answer 2

very close to the targeted area

Question 3

where do hormones travel

Answer 3

through the bloodstream

Question 4

a chemical that is secreted in one part of the body but have their action in another part of the body

Answer 4

hormone

Question 5

the seven major endocrine systems in mammals

Answer 5

pituitary complex, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and gonads

Question 6

what part of the brain works with the endocrine system

Answer 6

hypothalamus

Question 7

gland systems that secrete directly into the blood stream or body

Answer 7

endocrine glands

Question 8

gland systems that secrete outside the body or into the digestive tract

Answer 8

exocrine glands

Question 9

an example of an endocrine gland

Answer 9

pituitary

Question 10

an example of an exocrine gland

Answer 10

sweat

Question 11

the most common hormone; receptors are on the cell surface

Answer 11

peptide hormone

Question 12

hormone that moves through the membrane into the cytoplasm; receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Answer 12

steroid hormone

Question 13

what 3 things do the circulatory system carry

Answer 13

food, water, waste

Question 14

the 3 major components of the circulatory system

Answer 14

a medium for transport, a system of channels and vessels, and a pump to circulate the blood

Question 15

circulatory system where deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are in the same open space called the hemocoel

Answer 15

open circulatory system

Question 16

circulatory system where the blood is confined to the heart and a continuous system of vessels

Answer 16

closed circulatory system

Question 17

how many chambers does a fish heart have

Answer 17

2

Question 18

how many chambers does a reptile or amphibians heart have

Answer 18

3

Question 19

how many chambers does a bird or mammals heart have

Answer 19

4

Question 20

the type of circulation that consists of the right atrium and right ventricle; collects deoxygenated blood and sends it to the lungs

Answer 20

pulmonary circulation

Question 21

the type of circulation that consists of the left atrium and left ventricle; receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and sends it to the body

Answer 21

systemic circulation

Question 22

the alternation between contractions and relaxation of the heart

Answer 22

cardiac cycle

Question 23

which parts of the heart contract first

Answer 23

atria

Question 24

measurement consisting of the systolic reading over the diastolic reading

Answer 24

blood pressure

Question 25

ventricular contraction

Answer 25

systole

Question 26

rest and atrial contraction

Answer 26

diastole

Question 27

the order of vessels starting from the heart

Answer 27

heart --> arteries --> arterioles --> capillaries --> venules --> veins --> back to heart

Question 28

which vessel has 3 elastic layers

Answer 28

artery

Question 29

which vessel has 6 layers

Answer 29

artery

Question 30

which vessel has 4 layers

Answer 30

vein

Question 31

which vessel has valves

Answer 31

vein

Question 32

which vessel has thicker muscle but smaller lumen

Answer 32

artery

Question 33

which vessel has a larger lumen but thinner muscle

Answer 33

vein

Question 34

what does blood contain

Answer 34

dissolved nutrients, gasses, hormones, and waste

Question 35

what percentage do the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets take up in the blood

Answer 35

40-45%

Question 36

what percentage does the plasma take up in the blood

Answer 36

55-60%

Question 37

the fluid in which blood cells are suspended

Answer 37

plasma

Question 38

how much blood does the average body contain

Answer 38

5-6 liters (1.5 gallons)

Question 39

what color is plasma

Answer 39

yellow and translucent

Question 40

how much water does plasma contain

Answer 40

90%

Question 41

what dissolved substance is the most abundant in plasma

Answer 41

plasma proteins

Question 42

plasma protein that helps maintain osmotic pressure

Answer 42

albumins

Question 43

plasma protein that transports nutrients and helps with immunity

Answer 43

globulins

Question 44

plasma protein that allows for blood clotting

Answer 44

fibrinogen

Question 45

oxygen carrying red blood cells

Answer 45

eurythrocytes

Question 46

why is blood red

Answer 46

hemoglobin

Question 47

what hormone is released when oxygen levels are low

Answer 47

erythropoietin

Question 48

what does erythropoietin stimulate

Answer 48

red blood cell production

Question 49

white blood cells

Answer 49

leukocytes

Question 50

how many types of white blood cells are there

Answer 50

5

Question 51

fragments of cells

Answer 51

platelets

Question 52

what are the lymphatic systems' cell walls compared to

Answer 52

window blinds

Question 53

the 2 ways to define respiration

Answer 53

the production of cellular energy by an organism; the movement of gases throughout the organism

Question 54

the diversity of respiration in organisms from worst to best

Answer 54

tracheae --> book lungs --> gills --> lungs

Question 55

molecules of fluid or gases that move in unison from high pressure to low pressure

Answer 55

bulk flow

Question 56

to move gases within an organism, what do bulk flow and diffusion have to do

Answer 56

alternate

Question 57

describe the path that air takes from the mouth to lungs

Answer 57

pharynx --> larynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchioles --> alveoli

Question 58

what do our sinuses do

Answer 58

filter the air, warms the air, and moistens the air

Question 59

the vocal cords

Answer 59

larynx

Question 60

how much alveoli does each lung have

Answer 60

1.5 million in each

Question 61

how much surface area does each lung have for gas exchange

Answer 61

800 square feet

Question 62

how thick are alveoli

Answer 62

1 cell layer thick

Question 63

what color is deoxygenated blood

Answer 63

dark red

Question 64

what color is oxygenated blood

Answer 64

bright cherry red

Question 65

what are the 3 components of the lung's air tight container

Answer 65

rib cage, pleural membrane, diaphragm

Question 66

the diaphragm will contract and make the chest cavity bigger

Answer 66

inspiration

Question 67

the diaphragm relaxes making the chest cavity smaller

Answer 67

expiration

Question 68

what are the 3 inputs the lungs will respond to

Answer 68

overstretching, CO2 levels, and exercise

Question 69

maintaining internal conditions in response to external stimuli

Answer 69

homeostasis

Question 70

the 2 major functions of the excretory system

Answer 70

the excretion of cellular waste (urea) and the regulation and maintenance of body fluids

Question 71

what structure in the human body filters the blood

Answer 71

kidney

Question 72

how much fluid can the bladder normally hold

Answer 72

500 ml

Question 73

collects and stores the urine

Answer 73

bladder

Question 74

the unit of a kidney that works as its filter system

Answer 74

nephron

Question 75

the pressure filter itself of the nephron

Answer 75

glomerulus

Question 76

surrounds the glomerulus of the nephron and collects the material forced out of the blood

Answer 76

bowman's capsule

Question 77

the long twisted tube of the nephron that is surrounded by a web of capillaries

Answer 77

tubule

Question 78

the 3 parts of the nephron tubule

Answer 78

proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule

Question 79

the denser tissue of the kidney

Answer 79

medulla

Question 80

the less dense tissue of the kidney

Answer 80

cortex

Question 81

what is regulated by the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 81

degree of concentration

Question 82

what is one of the most important functions of the kidney

Answer 82

water balance

Question 83

what is water balance controlled by in the kidney

Answer 83

ADH (vasopresin)

Question 84

what is the relationship between caffeine and alcohol with ADH (vasopresin)

Answer 84

they block the ADH, making you pee more

Question 85

certain things can pass through a membrane and others can't

Answer 85

differentially (selectively) permeable

Question 86

movement of water from high to low concentration following a gradient

Answer 86

osmosis

Question 87

the movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration

Answer 87

diffusion

Question 88

using energy to move a molecule from lower concentration to higher concentration

Answer 88

active transport

Question 89

equal in concentration to the cytoplasm, so water is neither lost or gained by osmosis

Answer 89

isotonic

Question 90

contains a lower solute concentration than the cytoplasm, causing the cell to gain water

Answer 90

hypotonic

Question 91

contains a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm, causing the cell to lose water

Answer 91

hypertonic