Unit 4: Transoceanic Connections (1450 - 1750) Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Sea-based empires
A
European empires; Adopted marine technology; Innovated shipbuilding; State-sponsored
2
Q
State-sponsored
A
Caused by changes in the distribution of power after BD
3
Q
Marine technology in Europe
A
Came from the trade routes due to Pax Mongolia; 4 main tech: magnetic compass + astrolabe + lateen sail + astronomical
4
Q
Magnetic compass
A
5
Q
Astrolabe
A
6
Q
Lateen sail
A
7
Q
Astronomical charts
A
8
Q
Shipbuilding Innovations
A
Caravel (Portugal); Carrack (Portugal); Fluyt (Dutch)
9
Q
Caravel
A
Smaller → More navigable; Cannons
10
Q
Fluyt
A
Dutch ship designed for trade; Massive cargo hold; Cheap to build; Responsible for 1/2 of all Europe’s shipping cargo
11
Q
Motivator for state-sponsored maritime exploration
A
Desire for Asian + Southeast Asian spices - Mostly pepper
12
Q
Portugal
A
Assert dominance over Indian Ocean
13
Q
Prince Henry the Navigator
A
14
Q
Trading post empire
A
15
Q
Spain
A
Sent fleets to Americas → Start of Trans-atlantic trade
16
Q
Ferdinand + Isabella
A
Spanish monarchs; Sponsored / payed for Columbus’ voyages
17
Q
Christopher Columbus
A
Wanted to sail west to reach spice islands faster → Asked Portugal to sponser but they said no → Asked Spanish monarchs and yes; Reached Caribbean islands
18
Q
Causes for exploration
A
19
Q
Elizabeth I
A
20
Q
Columbian Exchange
A
Transfer of new diseases + food + plants + animals + people between the Eastern (Old World = Afro-Eurasia) and Western Hemispheres (New World = Americas); Massive change in history
21
Q
Causes of Columbian Exchange
A
Columbus’ contact with the Americas - contact between Old + New World
22
Q
Effects of Columbian Exchange
A
Transfer of diseases + Exchange of plants & food + Animals
23
Q
Malaria
A
24
Q
Measles
A
25
Smallpox
26
Old world food to New world
Wheat + Grapes + Olives + Banana + Sugar
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New world food to Old world
Potato + Maize + Manoic
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Cash crops
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Cash cropping
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Coerced labor
31
Motives for European imperialism
Gold + God + Glory
32
Portuguese in Indian Ocean trade
Wanted to own + control the trading route rather than participate peacefully
33
Spanish in Phillipines
34
Dutch in Indian Ocean trade
Fluyts took over Portuguese
35
Continueties in Trade
36
Tokugawa Japan
37
Ming China
38
Asante Empire
Located in West Africa; Gold Coast - trade with Portuguese → British; Traded gold + ivory + enslaved laborers
39
Kongo Kingdom
Traded gold + copper + enslaved laborers
40
Labor systems in Americas
Europeans used both existing (continuity) and new (change) labor systems
41
Continuity in Labor Systems
Spanish used Inca mita systems
42
New labor systems
Chattel slavery + Indentured servitude + Encomienda system + Hacienda system
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Chattel
Property
44
Chattel slavery
45
Encomienda system
Similar to feudalism
46
Continuity in Slavery
African slave trade - started early within Mediterranean + Indian Ocean networks; Cultural assimilation; Domestic work - African slaves became domestic servants; Slaves held power
47
Change in Slavery
Agricultural work + Much larger + Racial prejudice
48
Economic strategies for Empire building
Mercantilism + Joint-Stock Companies
49
Mercantilism
State-driven economic system emphasizing lots of mineral wealth by maintaining a favorable trade balance; Based on belief that a nation's wealth is fixed, meaning governments must regulate trade to build their wealth + power; Powerful motivation for establishing + growing empires bc once colony is established, it creates a closed market to purchase exports from imperial parent country
50
Colonies
More = More people buying resources from mother country → More mineral wealth for mother country
51
Mineral wealth
Aim to accumulate precious metals (gold + silver)
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Favorable balance of trade
Maximizing exports (gets more gold + silver) + minimizing imports (get more resources but give out gold + silver)
53
Joint-Stock companies
Limited liability business (investors can only lose money they invested in); Chartered by state (gov. approve + grant trade monopolies in regions) + funded by a group of investors (privately, not state funded - change in how business was funded); Main tool used by empires to expand
54
European countries with JS companies
Dutch + England + France
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Economic Mutual Interdependence
State use merchants to expand influence + merchants relied on states to keep them safe and grant them monopolies
56
Dutch East India Company
Charted by Dutch state + granted monopoly on Indian Ocean → Investers became very rich + expansion of power and influence of Dutch imperial gov. in places throughout Indian Ocean
57
Imperialism
A state's policy of extending its power + influence over other territories + peoples; Through direct / indirect control (puppet states)
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Colonialism
Type of imperialism; More specific practice where colonizer takes control of a territory through settlement + direct governance
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Anglo-Dutch War
60
Economic funding of Portugal + Spain
Funding came from state → Waning in influence
61
Change in Trade
Atlantic system + Importance of sugar + Silver was king + Coerced labor
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Atlantic system
Movement of goods + wealth + laborers between Eastern + Western Hemispheres
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Effects of silver
64
Continuity in Trade
Afro-Eurasia markets thrived + Asian land routes + Peasants and artisan labor
65
Social effects of African Slave Trade
Gender imbalance (male population decrease) →+ Change in family structures (increase in polygyny) + Cultural synthesis (slaves adopt creole languages aka mix languages)
66
Spread of Christianity in Americas
Catholic Christianity in South America spread by Spain + Portugal - Reason: Want everyone to be CC → Sent missionaries to colonies → Use church to spread CC among indigenous ppl → Introduction of European languages + cultures
67
Resistance to Imperialism in Americas (Religion)
Local resistance + Slave resistance
Some indigenous groups outwardly accepted Christianity but practiced their own religious beliefs secretly + privately
68
Local resistance to imperialism
Fronde + Queen Ana Nzinga's resistance + Pueblo revot
69
Louis XIV (14th)
French monarch; Wants lots of expansion + used absolutism → Passed edicts that increased taxes among French citizens → French nobility led peasant rebellion = Fronde
70
French nobility
Power under threat from growing power of monarch aka Louis 14
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Fronde
Resistance movement in France; Failed
72
Absolutism
Political system where a single ruler holds ultimate + absolute power - with no checks / balances on their authority
73
Queen Ana Nzinga's resistance
Resistance movement in Africa; Ruled Ndongo + Matamba - threatened by Portuguese merchants → Allied with Dutch + Kongo Kingdom to fight back Portugal; Successful
74
Pueblo revolt
Resistance movement in North America; Caused by oppression under Spanish missionaries + force into coerced labor → Diseases → Population decline; Short-term success
75
Enslaved resistance
Maroon societies + British colonies
76
Maroon societes
Resistance in Caribbeans + Brazil; Slaves who ran away and joined free blacks
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Changes in social hierarchy
Response to ethic diversity: Expulsion ------ Tolerance
78
Expulsion examples
Jews in Spain + Portugal - Spain
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Tolerance examples
Jews in Ottoman Empire under Mehmed II; No full independence - had to pay tax
80
Ming Dynasty (tolerance)
Not tolerant; Civil service exam but highest position is for Manchu; Division between Manchu + Han; Han men hair must be in queue style
81
Queue
A braid of hair worn down the back; Manchu forced Han to wear
82
Mughal Empire (tolerance)
Very tolerant under Akbar the Great - funded religious structures for ppl under different religions
83
Cause of new political elites
Economic opportunities of increasing global trade + increasing political power
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New political elites
Spanish casta system in Americas
85
Cause of casta system
No Spanish nobility migrated to Americas → Conquistadors were in power + established this system
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Casta system
Hierarchical system based on race + heredity: Peninsulares → Creoles → Mestizos → Mulattoes → Native Americas → Enslaved Africas
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Peninsulares
People born in homeland (Spain)
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Creoles
People born with European descent but in New World
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Mestizos
People born with European + indigenous descent
90
Mulattoes
People born with European + Spanish descent
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Importance of Casta System
Before: Natives were part of wide variety of linguistic + cultural groups; Now: Removed their cultural complexity
92
Struggles of existing elites
Russian boyars + Ottoman timars
93
Boyars
Noble land-owning class in Russia; Significant political power + strong influence on governance; Peter abolished the boyar rank + title altogether
94
Timars
Land grants made by Ottoman sultans to noble class in exchange for (military) service; Controlled by nobles → Became very rich + powerful through taxation of ppl living on their land; Turned into tax farms + $ go directly to state
