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Biochemistry Gr 11 > Unit 4 Transportation And Respiration > Flashcards

Unit 4 Transportation And Respiration Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

How much blood does an adult have

A

1.2 - 1.5 gallons

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2
Q

Explain normal human blood, lukemia, and sickle cell anemia under a microscope

A
  1. Round blood cells with some white blood cells
  2. High numbers of white blood cells
  3. Teardrop shaped cells , misshapen
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3
Q

What is the ph of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

At normal its 7.4

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4
Q

What are the three major functions of blood

A

Transportation: circulates respiratory gas, nutrients, waste, hormones and more. Through heart, arteries, capillaries and veins.
Regulation: regulates our temperature, our water volume, and pH.
Protection: creates blood clots to protect after injury. White blood cells fight disease.

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5
Q

What’s is our blood made of?

A

Plasma: non cellular liquid, water, proteins, nutrients hormones etc.
Blood cells: cellular. Called hemacrit
Buffy coat: white blood cells and platelets.

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6
Q

What’s the difference of anemia, polycythemia and normal blood?

A
  1. Depressed hematocrit.
  2. Elevated hematocrit.
  3. For women, 37-47% hematocrit, and for men 42-52% hematocrit.
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7
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

Makes up 50-60% blood volume.
Straw coloured
91% water, 7% proteins albumin and others, 2% hormones, nutrients and ions

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8
Q

What are red blood cells?

A

Aka Erythrocytes.
Produced in bone marrow
Disc shaped
No nucleus or mitochondria
Live about 120 days, then broken down by spleen and liver.
Transports oxygen and small amounts of co2
Contains hemoglobin

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9
Q

What hemoglobin?

A

Contains the iron that give RBC their colour
Composed of “heme” group, which binds 02
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind 4 molecules of oxygen

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10
Q

What are white blood cells

A

Also called leukocytes
Produced in bone marrow and lymph tissue
Make up 2-3% of blood volume.
Amoeboid shape, no basic shape
Colourless
Large nucleus

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11
Q

What is the role of WBC

A

Forms immune system
Detects antigens
Produces antibodies
Cleans up dead cells

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12
Q

What is a platelet

A

Aka Thrombocytes
Cell Fragments, Not cells. Irregular shape
1/4 size of RBC
Colourless, no nucleus
Live 10 days
Role in blood clotting

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13
Q

What is blood clotting

A

Formation of clot is called coagulation
Prevents loss of blood
When blood vessel is patched by solidification of blood at injury site

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14
Q

What are the steps in blood clotting

A
  1. Blood vessel injured: blood leaves wound to clean it. Blood vessel begins vasoconstriction to restrict blood flow.
  2. Platelets migrate to injury site and burst. Release thromboplastin.
  3. Thromboplastin initiates the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin
  4. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into strands of fibrin
  5. Fibrin form networks of fibers that trap RBC and platelets to form the clot.
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15
Q

What are anticoagulants

A

Proteins that prevent blood from clotting
Ex. Heparin and fibrinolysin

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16
Q

What happens when a clot forms in your heart, lungs, or brain?

A
  1. Heart attack
  2. Pulmonary embolus
  3. Stroke
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17
Q

What is hemophilia

A

Inherited bleeding disorder that makes blood unable to clot because of absence of a clotting factor.

Ex: thromboplastin, clotting factor VIII

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18
Q

Who is Karl landsteiner

A

Discovered why blood transfusions failed. Classified the 4 blood groups, and found they were genetically inherited.

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19
Q

What is the Rh factor?

A

Named after Rhesus Monkey
An additional antigen present on RBC of some ppl
If present, positive
If absent, negative.

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20
Q

What are the 3 blood vessels

A

Veins, arteries, capillaries

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21
Q

What are arteries

A

Carry oxygenated blood away from heart.
Thick muscular walls
Narrow lumen diameter
Have an elastic recoil to maintain blood pressure
High blood pressure relative to others

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22
Q

What are veins

A

Return deoxygenated blood to the heart
Thin muscular walls
Wide lumen diameter
Low blood pressure, maintained by muscle pump, which contracts to squeeze blood through veins, one way valves,

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23
Q

What are viricose veins

A

Caused by defective valves
Blood accumulates in the veins, causes them to distend, twist, and become visible on surface of skin

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24
Q

What are capillaries

A

Connect the arteries to veins. Very thin walls.
They exchange materials between blood and cells

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25
What are the 3 layers of the mammal heart
Pericardium: outer layer. Contains pericardial fluid that lubricates and protects the heart. Prevents mechanical damage Myocardium: middle layer, composed of cardiac muscle. Made of cardiac myocytes (cardiac muscle cells) these cells beat independently (myogenic) Cardiac cells are electrically coupled through gap junctions. Allow exchange material between cells and allow impulses to spread rapidly. Endocardium: inner layer. Smooth muscle, lines heart cavity and covers chambers and valves. Allows blood flow and prevents clotting.
26
How many chambers does the heart have and what are they called
2 atria (filling, blood enters) and 2 ventricles (pumping, blood exits)
27
How many valves are in the heart and what are they called
4 valves Atrioventricular valves: between atrium and ventricle. Keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract. Bicuspid valve: left, tricuspid valve: right Semilunar valves: between ventricle and arteries. Prevent back flow from arteries into ventricles when they are relaxing. Aortic valve: left, pulmonary valve: right
28
Why is our heart considered a double pump?
Because it pumps blood to the lungs AND body
29
What are the 3 types of circulation?
Systemic circulation: the blood flows between the heart and all the body systems Pulmonary circulation: blood flow between the heart and lungs Coronary (cardiac) circulation: blood flow through the heart itself
30
Explain the 2 stages of the cardiac cycle
Systole: muscle contraction, atria and ventricles force blood out Diastole: rest and relaxation, atria and ventricles fill with blood
31
How is the heart beat initiated and then spread?
SA node (sinoatrial) are a specialized group of neurons in wall of right atrium. Called the pacemaker. It releases wave of contraction to force blood out. Atrioventricular node (AV) receives signal from SA node and distributes the electrical charge over ventricles causing them to contract, causes AV valves to close and blood to leave through arteries
32
What is the heart rate of average male and female
Male: 60-80 Female: 70-90 BPM
33
What is stroke volume?
The volume of blood forced out of your heart with each heartbeat. Indicates how easily it fills and empties contents. Increases with regular cardio exercise. Avg value 70ml/beat
34
What is cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped from each ventricle per unit time Measure of level of oxygen delivery to body Calculated by multiplying stroke volume by heart rate
35
What is arrhythmias?
A heart rhythm irregularity. 3 types: Tachycardia: racing heart in absence of excercise or anxiety Bradycardia: abnormally slow heartbeat. Fibrillation: heartbeat is sporadic, quivering pattern
36
What is an electrocardiogram
A recording of the small electric guitar waves generated by heart activity. Conducted to the skin via body fluid and can be recorded by electrodes put on skin
37
What are the normal ECG waves?
P-wave: activation of the atria QRS complex: activation of ventricles T-wave: recovery of venticles
38
What things affect heart rate?
Physical activity: causes heart to increase rate to provide oxygen Emotions: depression may lower, anxiety may heighten Chemicals: fentanyl: lower, caffeine; higher
39
What is blood pressure?
The measure of the force of the blood on the wall of your blood vessels Constantly changing, measured in m of mercury (mm Hg), measure using sphygmomanometer, readings given as a ratio.
40
Two readings are taken when it comes to blood pressure, what are they?
Systolic pressure: maximum pressure exerted when the heart ventricles contract (normally 120mm Hg) Diasrolic pressure: lowest ammt of pressure in the arteries as the heart ventricles relax (normally 80mm Hg)
41
What’s the normal blood pressure reading?
120/80, first number the systolic pressure and the second the diasrolic pressure.
42
What is cardiovascular disease?
Disease and injury to the heart or blood vessels. 1/4 Canadians approx at risk
43
What are some risk factors for heart disease
Obesity, smoking, age, diabetes, high blood pressure.
44
What is atherosclerosis?
Thickening and narrowing of the arteries Characterized by deposits of fatty substance, chlorestoral, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin in inner lining of artery
45
What is Angina pectoris
Chest pain due to ischemia- reduction of the hearts blood and oxygen supply. Eg: blockage to coronary artery. More severe oxygen deprivation: more severe pain. Can follow a predictable pattern.
46
What is coronary heart disease?
Myocardial infarction or heart attack. When blood supplying to heart is disrupted by clot often caused by cholesterol
47
Signs of heart attack?
Sudden pain, doesn’t go away with rest. Present in chest, neck, jaw, shoulder, arms or back. Burning, squeezing heaviness, tightness or pressure. Shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, nausea, fear.
48
What’s a stroke?
Occurs when blood supply to brain is cut off
49
Signs of stroke
Droopy face, arm weakness, difficulty speaking
50
What is aneurysm
A bulging out of a part of the wall of a blood vessel. May tear and burst,(hemorrhage) Fatal unless immediate treatment Often produces mild to no symptoms
51
How to treat a blocked artery?
Angioplasty: a thin catheter threaded through blocked arteries to flatten it against the wall Coronary bypass surgery: blood vessel is taken from another site and planted to bypass blocked arteries Thrombolysis: an agent such as tissue plasinogen(TPA) injected to dissolve clot and restore some blood flow
52
How does aspirin help with heart disease?
Thins blood. Only taken under advice of physician Side effects include difficulty with blood clotting
53
Why is the respiratory system important?
We need O2 in to make ATP, and need CO2 out, the waste product of cellular respiration
54
What is gas exchange?
The oxygen and CO2 exchange between environment and cells. Gas exchange accross respiratory surface Lungs, skin, gills
55
What 3 quality’s must the respiratory have to optimize gas exchange?
High surface area: CO2 and O2 move accross cell membrane by diffusion Moist: moisture maintains cell membrane structure, gasses diffuse only when dissolved in water Thin: the thinner the surface, the shorter the distance gas must travel
56
What are the 3 stages of respiration
External: occurs between respiratory surface and blood Internal: occurs between blood and body tissues/cells Cellular: occurs within the cell to produce energy
57
Explain the pathway of air in a human respiratory system
Air enters nostrils, filters by hairs, warmed and humid. Epithelial lining of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles are covered by thin mucus film, which traps dust pollen and particulates. Lungs are gas exchange tissue Alveoli: about 300 million in each lung. Surrounded by pulmonary capillaries. Blood entering capillary is deoxygenated and leaves oxygenated
58
Explain how inhalation and exhalation works
Breath is due to pressure changing in lungs. Air flows from higher to lower pressure. Pulling air, not pushing. Diaphragm contracts during inhalation and relaxes during exhalation
59
Explain how your breathing is controlled
The automatic of your nervous system. This controls involuntary functions like heart rate. The specific area of the brain that sets rhythm of breathing is called the respiratory Center. A cluster of nerves in the MEDULLA OBLONGATA.
60
How does the medulla monitor blood pH?
When our cells produce CO2, it’s converted to carbonic acid in our blood. Chemoreceptors in walls of aorta and carotid artery’s in neck detect this drop of pH in blood. The medulla oblongata measures blood pH. If it decreases, it will signal the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm to increase the depth and rate of breathing. More O2 will be inhaled and more CO2 will be exhaled.
61
The flow of blood between heart and lungs is called what? What about heart and body?
1. Pulmonary circulation 2. Systemic circulation

Biochemistry Gr 11 (4 decks)

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