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Biochemistry Gr 11 > Unit Test 1 > Flashcards

Unit Test 1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

What’s an isotope?

A

Atom in a chemical element that has a different number of neutrons than protons and electrons

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2
Q

What’s an ion?

A

An atom or group of atoms with an electric charge

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3
Q

Which 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?

A

Oxygen: 65%
Carbon: 18.5%
Hydrogen: 9,5%
Nitrogen: 3.5%

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4
Q

In the periodic table, what do the rows and columns share in common?

A

Every element in the same row has the same number of shells.
Every element in the same column has the same number of valence electrons and similar chemical properties

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5
Q

Atoms tend to _____ a partially filled valence shell or ______ a partially filled valence shell

A

Complete, empty. This tendency drives chemical reactions and creates bonds.

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6
Q

How do ionic bonds work?

A

Occurs between metal and non metal. Formed when oppositely charged ions attract one another. Electrons are transferred from one atom to another. On atom gains electron and one atom looses an electron. The atoms become ions, oppositely charged ions attract forming ionic bond. Electrostatic attraction.

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7
Q

Explain how covalent bonds work

A

Occurs between 2 non-metals. 2 atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. Electrons are simultaneously attracted to nuclei of both atoms. Forms molecules.

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8
Q

Explain the difference between polar and non polar covalent bonds.

A

Non polar: pairs of electrons are shared equally by two atoms. Occurs between atoms with similar or same electronegativity.
Polar: pair of electrons shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity. Creates partial charges on the molecule.

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9
Q

Explain hydrogen bonding

A

A weak bond that occurs between polar molecules.
Ex. Water. The partially positive part of hydrogen is attracted to partially negative oxygen of another molecule.

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10
Q

Explain cohesion and adhesion in water

A

C: hydrogen bonding between h2o molecules. Water is sticky. Surface tension, drinking straw.
A: hydrogen bonding between h2o and other substances. Capillary action, meniscus, water climbing up paper towel or cloth.

Transpiration, capillary action, and water climbing up a towel is built on c and a.

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11
Q

What are the 6 properties of water?

A

Cohesion and adhesion
Good solvent
Lower density as a solid
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Water is a buffer

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12
Q

Friendly reminder!

A

Like dissolves like. Water is polar and is a great universal solvent for other polar materials!

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13
Q

What’s the special case of ice?

A

Most substances are more dense when solid, but water is the only difference! Ice is less dense than water. This is because hydrogen bonds for a crystal and are stable while hydrogen bonds in water are constantly breaking and re forming.

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14
Q

Why is the special case of ice important?

A

It insulates water below the ice since it floats on top rather than sinking to the bottom. This allows the nutrients to cycle through the year.

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15
Q

Explain the specific heat of water.

A

H2O resists changes in temperature. Takes a lot to heat up or cool down. H2O moderates temperatures on earth.

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16
Q

What is the heat of vaporization of water?

A

The ammount of heat needed to turn one g of liquid into vapour. Water has a high heat of vaporization. This is what allows animals to cool themselves by panting or sweating.

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17
Q

Explain how water is a buffer

A

Water ionizes. A hydrogen ion splits off from water, leaving a hydroxide ion. PH of cells must be around 7. Water is a buffer and can donate and absorb H+ when needed to balance PH

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18
Q

What is PH? What does each step on the PH scale represent?

A

PH is the measure of H+ in a solution. Each step represents a 10 fold change in the hydrogen ion concentration.

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19
Q

T or F, a base is a proton donor?

A

F. A base accepts protons and an acid donates them.

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20
Q

What is organic chemistry?

A

The study of carbon compounds.

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21
Q

What are hydrocarbons and isomers?

A

H: stable, non soluble in water, gas at room temp,
I: molecules with same formula but different shape. Different functions and properties.

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22
Q

Hydroxyl formula

A

-0H

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23
Q

Formula of Carbonyl

A

C=O

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24
Q

Formula of carboxyl

A

-COOH
=O
-C
-OH

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25
Amino Formula
-NH2 -H N -H
26
Sulfhydryl formula
-SH
27
Phosphate formula
-PO4 -O -O-P-O- -O-
28
How many bonds are typically formed by: Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen
O: 2 H: 1 C: 4
29
What’s a molecule?
Group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
30
What 4 elements make up most of the remaining 4% of living matter?
Phosphorus, calcium, sulfer, potassium
31
What are trace elements?
Present in living things in VERY small amounts, however are vital for remaining healthy cells. Ex. Iron and copper.
32
What are some characteristics of hydroxyl?
Polar, can form hydrogen bonds with h2o, helping dissolve organic compounds such as sugars. an alcohol.
33
What are some characteristics of carbonyl?
A ketone and aldehyde may be structural isomers with different properties. Ketone and aldehyde groups giving rise to two major groups of sugars.
34
Characteristics of carboxyl?
Acts as an acid. Can donate H+.
35
Characteristics of amino?
Acts as a base. Can pick up H+
36
Characteristics of sulfhydryl
Two sulfhydryl groups can react, Forming a covalent bond. This cross linking helps stabilize protein structure. Cross linking in hair proteins makes the curliness or straightness of the hair.
37
Characteristics of phosphate?
Contributes negative charge to molecule which is a part. Molecules with phosphate groups have potential to react with water, releasing energy.
38
What’s a macromolecule? Give examples.
Smaller organic molecules joined together to form larger molecules. Ex: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Often called polymers.
39
What’s a polymer?
Large molecules are built by repeating building blocks on a train. Made of multiple monomers. Held together by covalent bonds.
40
Explain dehydration synthesis of a polymer?
Joins monomers by taking h2o out. One monomer donates OH-, other monomer donates H+. Together they from H2O. Requires energy and enzymes.
41
How do you break down a polymer?
Digestion. Uses h2o to break down a polymer. Reverse of dehydration synthesis. Cleave off one monomer at a time. H2O is split into H+ and OH-. Requires enzymes and releases energy.
42
Reminder!
Macromolecules are often called polymers. Polymers are made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds called monomers. They are linked by covalent bonds.
43
What is the process of joining monomers called? What about breaking down polymers?
Joining: dehydration synthesis or condensation. Breaking: hydrolysis or digestion.
44
What are carbs composed of?
C, (carbon) H, (hydrogen) O (oxygen)
45
Explain monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides.
Monosaccharide: “sugar” or monomer. Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose. Linked by covalent bonds to form complex sugars. Glycosidic linkage: the link between two monosaccharide groups. Oligosaccharide: 2-10 monomers. Polysaccharide: MANY monomers. Starch, cellulose, glycogen.
46
What functional groups are sugars characterized under?
Carbonyl.
47
What are monosaccharides named after?
The number of carbon atoms. Ex hexose has 6 carbon atoms. Energy in the carbon bonds will be harvested in cellular respiration.
48
What are the functions of carbohydrates?
Fast energy. Easily broken down to form ATP. Ex glucose. Energy storage. Polysaccharides can be broken into simpler sugars for energy. Ex starch and glycogen. Structural support. Polysaccharides serve as structural molecules in macromolecules and cells. Cellulose in walls of plants, chitin in walls of arthropods and fungi.
49
How does structure effect function?
Branched carbs like starch and glycogen can be digested by animals. Glycogen is more branched, therefore faster digestion. Cellulose however has a linear structure and cannot be digested. Bacteria in animals helps dissolve cellulose.
50
What is a caprophage and a ruminant?
C: An animal that eats its own poop. R: an animal that re-chews its food many times in order to digest it fully. Ex cows.
51
What bacteria helps herbivores digest cellulose?
E. coli
52
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in carbohydrates?
2 hydrogen 1 oxygen
53
What’s an example of a disaccharide? What is it?
Double sugar molecules. Sucrose and lactose are examples.
54
What is the name of the covalent bonds that join the monomers in a polysaccharide is known as what?
Glycosidic linkage
55
What are lipids mainly composed of?
C, H, O.
56
What are the 5 major family groups of lipids?
Fats Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Glycolipids
57
Triglycerides (fats) are made up of what?
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by ester linkages
58
What are the functions of triglycerides (fats) in the body?
Store energy, twice as much as carbs. Insulate body from cold Protect internal organs from injury
59
What’s the difference between saturated or unsaturated fats?
Saturated are bad fats. Contribute to cardiovascular disease and have saturated fatty acid chains. Do not contain double bonds. Solid at room temp. Unsaturated are good fats. Unsaturated fatty acid chains. Do contain double bonds. Plant and fish fats and veggie oils. Liquid at room temp.
60
Phospholipids are composed of what?
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids and phosphate.
61
How do phospholipids react in water? Why is this important?
Hydrophilic heads attracted to h2O. Hydrophobic tails hide from h2o. Can self assemble into bubbles(micelle). Can also form a phospholipid bilayer, 2 layers of phospholipids. This is important because it creates a barrier and defines the outside vs inside of cells. They make the cell membranes!
62
What are steroids composed of?
4 fused carbon rings plus different chemical groups attached to the rings. Different structures create different functions, ex sex hormones and cholesterol.
63
Functions of cholesterol? (A steroid from lipid family)
Important component of animal cell membranes. Keeps cell membranes fluid and flexible. However high ammounts block arteries and contribute to cardiovascular disease.
64
What are waxes (a lipid) composed of?
A fatty acid and long chain alcohol joined by ester linkage.
65
What is the function of wax?
Used for prevention of water loss and protection.
66
What are glycolipids composed of?
Sugar, glycerol, and a fatty acid. They are embedded in the cell membrane.
67
What is the function of a glycolipid?
Found on outside of cell membrane. Cell surface identity markers, helps immune system recognize cells as “self” or “non self”
68
What are proteins composed of?
C, H, O, N
69
Explain how many amino acids and how many our bodies can make and their relationship to proteins.
There are 20 different amino acids. 13 our body can make and the rest comes from diet. Amino acid is the monomer of protein.
70
What is the r side chain in an amino acid?
Amino acids differ according to the r side chain. They are a variable group that determines the unique chemical properties, whether polar, non polar, acidic H+ donors, basic H+ acceptors and the electrical charge.
71
What makes something non polar/hydrophobic? What makes it polar/hydrophillic?
NPPHOBIC: absense of oxygen and more hydrogen components. PPHILLIC: oxygen within side chain. Less hydrocarbon.
72
What does sulfer containing amino acids form?
Disulfide bridges. Covalent bonds between sulfhydryl groups. Stabilizes 3-D structure.
73
How do amino acids build proteins?
Amino acids are joined by covalent bonds called peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain (polymer). Dehydration synthesis that occurs at the ribosome.
74
Reminder!
Polypeptide chains have direction. N-terminus is the NH2 end. C-terminus is the COOH end. Repeated sequence N-C-C is the polypeptide backbone. They only grow in 1 direction.
75
Explain the primary structure of protein folding.
Proteins fold into unique 3-D shapes specific to a function. The primary structure is a chain of amino acids. Protein defined by number, order, and type of amino acids in the polypeptide. Determined by the DNA.
76
Where does protein folding take place?
Endoplasmic reticulum.
77
Explain the secondary structure of protein folding.
The molecule folds into an alpha helix of a beta pleated sheet. These are held together by hydrogen bonds. Occurs between the amino group of one and carboxyl group of another.
78
What shape is an alpha helix? What shape is a beta pleated sheet?
AH: a spiral BPS: fan like folds
79
Explain tertiary structure of a protein
Distant amino acids are attracted to eachother through hydrogen, ionic, and covalent bonds. Structure is also determined by how amino acids interact with water. Forms one polypeptide.
80
Quaternary structure of a protein?
More than 1 polypeptide chain interacts with larger protein complexes. Occurs through hydrophobic interactions. Multiple polypeptides.
81
Explain how the structure of a protein effects function.
Misfolded proteins contribute to disease.
82
What environmental factors may cause a protein to lose shape and function?
Temperature Salinity PH Some proteins can return to their functional shape after denaturation, many cannot.
83
What are the main functions of proteins?
Enzymes: pepsin breaks down proteins in the stomach. DNA polymerase helps build DNA Structure: keratin and collagen. Carriers and transports: hemoglobin and aqua porins (transport water) Cell communication: signals like insulin and other hormones to help maintain homeostasis. Receptors receive signals, found in cell membrane. Movement: Defense: antibodies.
84
What are glycoproteins composed of? What is there function?
Sugar and protein. Function as cell surface identity markers. Helps immune system recognize as self or non self. Known as antigens. Also helps cells attach or bind to other cells.
85
What are the 2 types of nucliec acids?
Deoxyribonucleic: DNA. Two strands. Ribonucleic: RNA. One strand.
86
What are nucleic acids composed of?
C, H, O, N, P.
87
What are monomers and polymers of nucleic acids called?
M: nucleotides. P: nucleic acids.
88
What are nucleotides made of?
1. A nitrogenous base. Ring of carbon and nitrogen. 4 types of these rings: for DNA: A, T, C, G RNA: A,U,C,G 2. A pentose SUGAR. DNA: deoxyribose RNA: Ribose 3. PHOSPHATE (po4) group. Negatively charged.
89
What’s the difference between a purine or pyrimidine base in the structure of a nucleotide?
Purine: double ring structures. A,G. Pyrimidine: single ring structures. T,U,C.
90
What are some creations of carbon?
Carbohydrates, lipids proteins and nucliec acids. Belongs to the functional groups: Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate.

Biochemistry Gr 11 (4 decks)

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