Unit 4: "Young America" Vocab

Question 1

Alien and Sedition Acts

Answer 1

Act passed by J. Adams that were unpopular because they limited freedom of speech. Made him not get re-elected. (More in Unit 3)

Question 2

Strict Constructionalism

Answer 2

Interperting a statute (in this case the constitution) exactly as it is written (constitution doesnt say the fed. gov. can buy land)

Question 3

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Answer 3

Monrie was sent to negotiate trading rgihts with france for Missispi River but Napolean offered the whole Louisiana territory for 15 mil. Doubled the size of the US.

Question 4

Corp of Discovery

Answer 4

Lewis and Clark were tasked with the exploration of the new Louisiana Territory. Led to better mapping and understanding of the regino and diplomatic relations with antives who lived there.

Question 5

Juciciary Act

Answer 5

Act passed by Adams in the last days of his presidency to pack the courts, Marbury sued Madison when he didnt feliver his appointment saying he had a right to them under this act, was declared unconstitutional

Question 6

Midnight Judges

Answer 6

Judges John Adams appointed at the very last moments of his authority

Question 7

John Marshall

Answer 7

4th cheif supreme justice; did more to expand federal and supreme court power than almost anyone

Question 8

Marbury v Madison 1803)

Answer 8

Supreme Court case. Outcome: Established Judicial review; expanded the power of the supreme court, allowing it to rule laws unconstitutional.

Question 9

McCulloch v Maryland (1819)

Answer 9

John Marshall and the court ruled now, a state bank cannot tax a federal bank AND federal law trumps state law whenever the two contradict (BOOM more expansion of federal power)

Question 10

Impress

Answer 10

When the British would seize American ships travelling to France, they would draft those who were English citizens to the war, but often they were false claims.

Question 11

Embargo Act (1807)

Answer 11

Act passed by T. Jefferson halting all American exports to foreign ports. Was in response to Eur. counties seizing ships but had a devastating effect on US economy instead.

Question 12

Nonintercourse Act (1809)

Answer 12

Act passed by T. Jefferson in response to unpopularity of Embargo Act, resuming all US trade except to France and England. Napolean agreed to stop seizing US ships, so England was the only one left out.

Question 13

War Hawks

Answer 13

Democratic-Republican faction that wanted war with England for respect.

Question 14

War of 1812

Answer 14

Americas first war, it was against England. Their motivations were England’s disrespect of the US and to defeat Natives in the west allied with England.

Question 15

Tecumseh

Answer 15

A native who realized all natives had to stick together to defeat the colonizers, but too late. He led the last major resistance against the US.

Question 16

Battle of Thames

Answer 16

Here Tecumseh was killed and after this, the US faced no major resistance to their westward expansion.

Question 17

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Answer 17

The 12 year war with Napolean led to war fatigue in england so this ended the war of 1812. Returned all the land claimed by England and and reestablished the former Canadian American border

Question 18

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 18

One of the only battles where the US actually dominated the British. Led by Andrew Jackon 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent because he had not received word of it.

Question 19

Hartford Convention

Answer 19

Federalist meeting to oppose the war, but they did not realize it had already ended. Demands to not secede: no slave representation, 2/3 majority to declare war, limit pres to 1 term and cant be from same state twice. making them look like unpatriotic traitors.

Question 20

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 20

After the federalist party dissolved, there was no political parties fighting.

Question 21

Treaty of 1818

Answer 21

Treaty by J. Monroe establishing the American Canadian birder and joint occupation of the Oregon territory.

Question 22

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Answer 22

Spain was losing control of its territories in S. America and A. Jackson’s campaigns in Florida made them realize the US would soon take Florida. So, they traded Florida with the US in exchange for a piece of what is now Texas and $5m.

Question 23

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

Answer 23

Announced that European colonization in the Americas was over and that the US would not get involved in European conflicts. England was the true enforcer of this.

Question 24

Missouri Problem

Answer 24

A problem that arose when Missouri applied for statehood, because that would create 12 slave states and 11 free states.

Question 25

Talmadge Amendment

Answer 25

James Talmadge proposed that Missouri be added as a free state.

Question 26

Henry Clay

Answer 26

His American system, compromise of 1820/missouri

Question 27

The Missouri Compromise

Answer 27

Proposed by Henry Clay, this admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Prohibited slavery in the Louisiana territory. Established the 36 30 parallel

Question 28

Panic of 1819

Answer 28

Americas first major economic depression ( this plus missouri compromise [regional tension] led to end of Era of Good Feelings

Question 29

Universal White Make Suffrage

Answer 29

Giving all ‘white’ mean the right to vote, without any fees or land requirements. The constitution established that all men were created equal, so people were quick to point out the contradiction to that in American society.

Question 30

Election of 1824

Answer 30

Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William H. Crawford. Jackson had the most votes but not the majority, so the House of Representatives had to pick. They chose John Quincy Adams.

Question 31

The Corrupt Bargain

Answer 31

Henry Clay used his influence to get J.Q. Adams elected and Adams chose him as his Secretary as State. This position was seen as the gateway to the presidency.

Question 32

Henry Clay’s American System

Answer 32

Came after the War of 1812, supported tariffs to strengthen northern industry, supported reestablishment of national bank, supported improved infrastructure by building roads and canals.

Question 33

Tariff of 1828 (Nicknamed Tariff of Abominations by the South)

Answer 33

Established by JQA; High tax on imports from Europe angered the South (S. Carolina threatened to secede)

Question 34

Democrats

Answer 34

A new political faction after election of 1824. Led by A. Jackson. Resembled the old dem-republican party. Supported: weaker fed. gov, free trade (anti-tariffs), agriculture

Question 35

National Republicans

Answer 35

A new political faction after election of 1824. Led by J.Q. Adams & H. Clay. Resembled old federalist party. Supported: National Bank, tariffs, infrastructure.

Question 36

Election of 1828

Answer 36

A. Jackson vs J.Q. Adams. Introduced mudslinging (because more common people were now able to vote) (nasty rumors and drama + more voters made a record turnoutz)

Question 37

Market Revolution

Answer 37

Dramatically changed US economy in 19th century. People started selling their goods or services for money, creating a market. And getting jobs outside the home. “The Linking of northern industries to western and southern farms; created by adavnces in industry, agriculture and transportation.”

Question 38

National Road/Cumberland Road (1811)

Answer 38

Connected Maryland to Illinois. Was one of few interstate roads because states did not want to be financially responsible for roads beyond their borders.

Question 39

Erie Canal (1825) +steamboat

Answer 39

Connects the Great Lake region to New York.

Question 40

Railroads

Answer 40

Rails eventually replaced canals; gov, even facilitated expansion of them by giving grants, tax breaks and sometimes land

Question 41

Telegraph (1834)

Answer 41

Invented by Samuel Morse

Question 42

Morse Code

Answer 42

Language of beeps used to communicate via telegraph.

Question 43

Eli Whitney

Answer 43

Developed interchangable parts and the cotton gin

Question 44

Cotton Gin

Answer 44

Developed by Eli Whitney in … greatly increased the production of cotton and therefore the demand for slavery

Question 45

Interchangeable parts

Answer 45

Invented by Eli Whitney, it was individual parts being mass produced for sale. Craftsmen required far less training (and pay.) Revolutionized industry

Question 46

Samuel Slater

Answer 46

Brought the first spinning mill to America. He built it from memory from working at a factory in England.

Question 47

Lowell System

Answer 47

Francis Cabot Lowell employed women and children in his textile factories for individual pay. A shift from the family-unit work used before. Paid workers little and they lived in dorms under supervision.

Question 48

King Cotton / Cotton Kingdom

Answer 48

After the cotton gin and the growth of textile factories, cotton was the number 1 cash crop being produced in the US, change in south from subsistence farming to comercial farming and growing connection to international markets too

Question 49

Revolutions of 1848

Answer 49

Uprisings across Europe that tried to overthrow monarchies but failed. Motivation for immigrants to come to the US.

Question 50

Slums

Answer 50

Communities with poorly constructed buildings that were overcrowded. Mostly by immigrants of the same country (in each slum)

Question 51

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 51

Women expected to have children, raise the children and maintain the home (the private sphere) while husbands provided the income and participared in politics (public sphere)

Question 52

Romanticism

Answer 52

A literary and artistic movement marked chiefly by an emphasis on the imagination and emotions.

Question 53

Hudson River School

Answer 53

Used their art to paint dramatic american, untouched landscapes but sometimes included little hints of encroachment of civilization, but as painters chanelled romanticism they sacrifcied some accuracy

Question 54

Transendentalism

Answer 54

“Transendalists advocated the idea of a personal knowledge of God, believing that no intermediary was needed for spiritual insight.” They believed that nature (romantisim beliefeif in power of nature!) was closest you could be to God rather than in a church.

Question 55

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Answer 55

Writing emphized individualism and self reliance, “Nature is the closest you can get to God (opposed to a church).

Question 56

Henry David Thoreau

Answer 56

Transcendalist philosopher who spent 2 years in a cabin by the woods and lived as simply as he could. Tried to use his ponderings on nature to understand the universe and life

Question 57

Second Great Awakening

Answer 57

A Protestant Revival in the 1800’s. Spurred by romanticism and transcendalism. New religions looking to seperate from society and creater their own utopias such as Shakers and Onieda, Converted many people and led to many reforms such as prison reforms, reforms for the mentally ill and reforms for equal education.

Question 58

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 58

Sparked by Nat Turner, killed 57 whites. Outcome: Virginia banned black preachers, banned free blacks from owning guns, and made it illegal to teach slaves to read.

Question 59

Amistad Rebellion

Answer 59

In Africa people were captured and sold to European slave traders which was illegal. On the way to Cuba, they took over the boat and veered it off course. They landed in New England. The Amistad Case was important because it freed dozens of Africans to their home and changed racial attitudes in the North.

Question 60

Peculiar institution

Answer 60

A euphemistic term for slavery defending the contradictions of it in the constitution.

Question 61

Positive good

Answer 61

An argument coined by the south after slavery started losing popularity all over the word. Argued that slavery benefited both races because blacks were taken care of for life and benefitted from Christianity and benefitted whites because elites could dedicate their lives to science, education and the betterment of the country.