Unit 4a Social pyschology

Question 1

Attributions

Answer 1

the process of explaining one’s own behavior and the behavior of others

Question 2

Dispositional (internal qualities)

Answer 2

Explanations of behaviours such as obedience emphasise them being caused by an individual’s own personal characteristics rather than situational influences within the environment.

Question 3

Situational attribution

Answer 3

External circumstances affecting behavior interpretation.

Question 4

Explanatory styles

Answer 4

Ways individuals explain events, optimistic or pessimistic.

Question 5

Optimistic & Pessimistic

Answer 5

seeing things in a positive and hopeful manner/ seeing things in a negative and hopeless manner

Question 6

Actor/observer bias

Answer 6

Differentiating behavior explanations for self versus others.

Question 7

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 7

Overemphasizing personality traits in others’ behaviors.

Question 8

Self-serving bias

Answer 8

Attributing successes to self, failures to external factors.

Question 9

Internal locus of control

Answer 9

Belief that outcomes result from personal actions.

Question 10

External locus of control

Answer 10

Belief that outcomes result from external factors.

Question 11

Person perception

Answer 11

Judging others based on their characteristics.

Question 12

Mere exposure effect

Answer 12

Increased preference for familiar stimuli.

Question 13

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 13

Expectations influence behavior, confirming initial beliefs.

Question 14

Social comparison

Answer 14

Evaluating oneself against others, upward or downward.

Question 15

Relative deprivation

Answer 15

Feeling disadvantaged compared to others.

Question 16

Stereotype

Answer 16

Generalized belief about a group of people.

Question 17

Prejudice

Answer 17

Negative attitude towards a group based on stereotypes.

Question 18

Discrimination

Answer 18

Unfair treatment based on group membership.

Question 19

Implicit attitudes

Answer 19

Unconscious beliefs influencing behavior and perception.

Question 20

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 20

Belief that the world is fair and just.

Question 21

Out-group homogeneity bias

Answer 21

Perception that out-group members are similar.

Question 22

In-group bias

Answer 22

Preference for members of one’s own group.

Question 23

Ethnocentrism

Answer 23

Belief in the superiority of one’s own culture.

Question 24

Belief perseverance

Answer 24

Maintaining beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

Question 25

Confirmation bias

Answer 25

Favoring information that confirms existing beliefs.

Question 26

Cognitive dissonance

Answer 26

Mental discomfort from conflicting beliefs or behaviors.

Question 27

I/O Psychologists

Answer 27

Professionals studying workplace behavior and psychology.

Question 28

Social norms

Answer 28

Expected behaviors in a given social context.

Question 29

Social influence theory

Answer 29

How individuals change behavior based on others.

Question 30

Normative influence & Informational influence

Answer 30

Conforming to fit in with a group/Conforming based on information from others.

Question 31

Persuasion

Answer 31

Attempt to change someone's beliefs or behaviors.

Question 32

Elaboration likelihood model

Answer 32

Theory explaining different routes to persuasion.

Question 33

Central route to persuasion

Answer 33

Persuasion based on logical arguments and evidence.

Question 34

Peripheral route to persuasion

Answer 34

Persuasion based on superficial cues.

Question 35

Halo effect

Answer 35

Overall impression influences specific judgments.

Question 36

Foot-in-the-door technique

Answer 36

Starting with a small request to gain compliance.

Question 37

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 37

Starting with a large request, then making a smaller one.

Question 38

Conformity

Answer 38

Changing behavior to match group norms.

Question 39

Obedience

Answer 39

Following direct commands from an authority figure.

Question 40

Individualism

Answer 40

Prioritizing personal goals over group goals.

Question 41

Collectivism

Answer 41

Prioritizing group goals over individual goals.

Question 42

Multiculturalism

Answer 42

Recognition and appreciation of diverse cultures.

Question 43

Group polarization

Answer 43

Group discussions intensifying members' initial views.

Question 44

Groupthink

Answer 44

Poor decision-making due to group conformity.

Question 45

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 45

Reduced sense of obligation in groups.

Question 46

Social loafing

Answer 46

Decreased effort in group tasks.

Question 47

Deindividuation

Answer 47

Loss of self-awareness in groups.

Question 48

Social facilitation

Answer 48

Improved performance on tasks in the presence of others.

Question 49

False consensus effect

Answer 49

Overestimating agreement with one's beliefs.

Question 50

Superordinate goals

Answer 50

Shared goals that unite conflicting groups.

Question 51

Social traps

Answer 51

Situations where individual interests conflict with collective well-being.

Question 52

Altruism

Answer 52

Selfless concern for the well-being of others.

Question 53

Social reciprocity norm

Answer 53

Expectation to return favors in social interactions.

Question 54

Social responsibility norm

Answer 54

Expectation to help those in need.

Question 55

Bystander effect

Answer 55

Reduced likelihood of helping in group settings.