Unit 4b Personality, Motivation, & Emotion

Question 1

Social-Cognitive view

Answer 1

Personality shaped by social interactions and cognitive processes.

Question 2

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 2

Behavior influenced by personal, environmental, and behavioral factors.

Question 3

Self-efficacy

Answer 3

Belief in one’s ability to succeed in tasks.

Question 4

Self-concept

Answer 4

Individual’s perception of their own identity and abilities.

Question 5

Self-esteem

Answer 5

Overall evaluation of one’s self-worth.

Question 6

Trait view on personality

Answer 6

Focus on stable characteristics defining personality.

Question 7

Big Five Theory

Answer 7

Personality model with five core traits.

Question 8

Openness

Answer 8

Willingness to experience new ideas and activities.

Question 9

Conscientiousness

Answer 9

Degree of organization, dependability, and discipline.

Question 10

Extraversion

Answer 10

Tendency to seek stimulation in the company of others.

Question 11

Agreeableness

Answer 11

Quality of being friendly, cooperative, and compassionate.

Question 12

Emotional stability (neuroticism)

Answer 12

Ability to remain calm and composed under stress.

Question 13

Personality inventories (non specifically listed)

Answer 13

Standardized questionnaires assessing various personality traits.

Question 14

Factor analysis

Answer 14

Statistical method to identify underlying relationships in data.

Question 15

Drive-reduction theory

Answer 15

Motivation arises from biological needs driving behavior.

Question 16

Homeostasis

Answer 16

Maintenance of stable internal physiological conditions.

Question 17

Arousal theory

Answer 17

Motivation based on achieving optimal levels of arousal.

Question 18

Optimal arousal

Answer 18

Ideal level of arousal for peak performance.

Question 19

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 19

Performance improves with arousal to a point.

Question 20

Self-determination theory

Answer 20

Motivation driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Question 21

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 21

Engaging in behavior for personal satisfaction.

Question 22

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 22

Engaging in behavior for external rewards.

Question 23

Incentive theory

Answer 23

Behavior motivated by external rewards or incentives.

Question 24

Instincts

Answer 24

Innate behaviors triggered by specific stimuli.

Question 25

Lewin's motivational conflicts

Answer 25

Framework for understanding competing motivations.

Question 26

Approach-approach

Answer 26

Choosing between two desirable options.

Question 27

Approach-avoidance

Answer 27

Desire for a goal with negative aspects.

Question 28

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 28

Choosing between two undesirable options.

Question 29

Sensation-seeking theory

Answer 29

Need for varied, novel, and complex experiences.

Question 30

Experience seeking

Answer 30

Desire for new experiences and adventures.

Question 31

Thrill or adventure

Answer 31

Pursuit of excitement and risk-taking activities.

Question 32

Disinhibition

Answer 32

Reduction of social constraints leading to impulsive behavior.

Question 33

Boredom susceptibility

Answer 33

Tendency to experience boredom easily.

Question 34

Eating motivation

Answer 34

Factors influencing the desire to eat.

Question 35

Ghrelin

Answer 35

Hormone stimulating appetite and hunger.

Question 36

Leptin

Answer 36

Hormone regulating energy balance and satiety.

Question 37

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Answer 37

Brain structures regulating hunger and hormonal balance.

Question 38

Hunger and satiety

Answer 38

Physiological states signaling need for food.

Question 39

External factors (cues)

Answer 39

Environmental influences affecting eating behavior.

Question 40

Emotion/affect

Answer 40

Complex psychological state involving physiological response.

Question 41

Broad historical views of how an emotion unfolds (not by name)

Answer 41

our emotions are caused by our interpretation of bodily reactions.

Question 42

Facial-feedback hypothesis

Answer 42

Facial expressions influence emotional experience.

Question 43

Broaden-and-build theory

Answer 43

Positive emotions expand cognitive resources and resilience.

Question 44

Universality of emotional expression

Answer 44

Basic emotions expressed similarly across cultures.

Question 45

Anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, surprise, fear

Answer 45

These are universal emotions recognized throughout the world

Question 46

Display rules

Answer 46

Cultural norms governing emotional expression.

Question 47

Health psychology

Answer 47

Study of psychological factors affecting health and illness.

Question 48

Stress and immune suppression, hypertension, headaches

Answer 48

Chronic stress negatively impacts immune system function.

Question 49

Stressors (eustress vs. distress)

Answer 49

Eustress is positive stress; distress is negative stress.

Question 50

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)

Answer 50

Traumatic events impacting long-term health outcomes.

Question 51

General adaptation syndrome (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion)

Answer 51

Three-stage response to stress: alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

Question 52

Fight-flight-or-freeze response

Answer 52

Physiological reaction to perceived threat.

Question 53

Tend and befriend theory

Answer 53

Response to stress emphasizing social connections.

Question 54

Problem-focused coping

Answer 54

Managing stress by addressing the problem directly.

Question 55

Emotion-focused coping (deep breathing, meditation, medication)

Answer 55

Managing stress by regulating emotional response.