Unit 5

Question 1

Abolition movement

Answer 1

the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery

Question 2

Empiricism

Answer 2

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science

Question 3

Enlightenment

Answer 3

a philosophical movement of the 18th century marked by a rejection of traditional social, religious, and political ideas and an emphasis on rationalism

Question 4

Suffrage movement

Answer 4

Started with the Seneca Falls convention that worked to educate the public on the validity and importance of women suffrage; many works were written such as “A Vindication of the Rights of Women” by Wollstonecraft

Question 5

American Revolution

Answer 5

Led by people such as George Washington and Benjamin Franklin; many battles such as Fort Ticonderoga and Yorktown occurred in revolution to new taxes as opposed to relative autonomy prior to the 7 Year War; documents include the failed Articles of Confederation and revolutionary Constitution

Question 6

Bolivar Revolutions

Answer 6

Simon Bolivar was one leader during this time that led the main war as “The Liberator”; revolts with warfare, such as the Battle of Maipu, due to the social tensions between creoles and peninsulares; the main document influencing the revolutions was the Monroe Doctrine

Question 7

Classical Liberalism

Answer 7

ideology from the industrial middle class with proponents such as John Stuart Mill; ideas included increased male suffrage and laissez-faire economics

Question 8

French Revolution

Answer 8

Caused by inequality among classes, financial debt, and Enlightenment ideas; radical leader Robespierre led the Reign of Terror, but mainly lead by peasants; the Storming of Bastille, execution of Louis XVI and Marie; documents include the DORMAC based on Enlightenment ideals

Question 9

Haitian Revolution

Answer 9

The slave revolution in which slaves revolted for freedom and emancipations led by Toussaint Louverture and Jacques Dessalines; fought at the Battle of Vertières and won more and more; signed away Louisiana during the Louisiana purchase to the US

Question 10

Nationalism

Answer 10

The ideology that supports the identity with one’s own nation with a common language, history, and religion; occurred in Germany under Otto Van Bismark to unify, in Italy with Cavour and Garibaldi using warfare, and Argentine nationalism during the Civil Wars and the War for Independence

Question 11

Causes of Industrialization

Answer 11

the emergence of capitalism, European imperialism, efforts to mine coal, and the effects of the Agricultural Revolution.

Question 12

Factory system

Answer 12

a method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labour

Question 13

Industrialization

Answer 13

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale

Question 14

Fossil Fuels Revolution

Answer 14

describes the remarkable new energy resources being obtained from shale gas and tight oil through a combination of directional drilling and staged hydraulic fracturing, opening up substantial new energy reserves for the 21st Century

Question 15

Industrial Communication

Answer 15

The Industrial Revolution came with many communicative innovations such as the railroad and steamships providing a faster movement of goods and the telegraph allowing people to communicate through Morse code

Question 16

Internal Combustion Engine

Answer 16

An engine that generates mechanical energy by burning gasoline, oil, or other fuel that combusts in order to push a piston that moves the vehicle or product that requires movement

Question 17

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 17

Witnessed the expansion of steel, electricity, and electricity in society by reducing the cost for their creation such as steel being used for construction projects and electricity in the lightbulb instead of gas lamps

Question 18

Steam engine

Answer 18

Technological innovation of the Industrial Revolution, improved by James Watt in 1778, that allowed factories to be located anywhere, not just rivers, and could be used for easier navigation by reliable power and power large machinery

Question 19

Meiji Restoration

Answer 19

The period in 1868 in which the emperor was restored to the highest position instead of the shogun; led to a highly centralized government, a parliament, education, advanced industry and a powerful naval and military power

Question 20

Muhammad Ali

Answer 20

Governor of Egypt that began taking control, but still under the Ottomans, by taking over the Mamluks and reestablishing a military using the European model to control more land such as Sudan in the South

Question 21

Capitalism

Answer 21

An economic system and political system, created by Adam Smith, in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners and individuals rather than by the central government which allows for a greater independence and flow of goods such as in the US and Australia; similar to a Laissez-Faire market

Question 22

Stock Market

Answer 22

Similar to joint-stock companies in which individuals, or investors, buy and sell investments (stocks) which are shares of ownership in a public company or enterprise

Question 23

Transnational Business

Answer 23

A commercial enterprise in which a company has substantial facilities and factories in more than one country; allows responsiveness to local markets at a given time. The United Fruit Company traded tropical fruit grown on Latin American plantations and sold in the US; the HSBC benefited greatly from opium trade and trade into China

Question 24

Communism

Answer 24

Karl Marx’s last step in government reform; a political, social, and economic ideology structured upon a common ownership that would eliminate issues between the socioeconomic classes; government owns everything

Question 25

Labor Unions

Answer 25

Unions were created in order to encourage better work environments such as implementing safety codes, reduction of work hours, and laws against child labor; economic and social justice in the workplace

Question 26

Self-Strengthening Movement

Answer 26

A movement in 19th century China in response to humiliating events, such as the Taiping Rebellion and the Opium Wars, that attempted to modernize the fields of industry and defense

Question 27

Socialism

Answer 27

Karl’s Marx second step in government reform; a philosophical, political, social, and economic ideology in which the government controls key industries such as the food industry

Question 28

Taiping Rebellion

Answer 28

A rebellion in which a religious zealot, converted by European missionaries, believed he was the brother of Jesus and conscripted an army of 1 million with aid from the British to take force reforms to society such as Westernization

Question 29

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 29

Reforms with a western influence, aimed at the Ottomans, that led to a wide range reforms of education and political and economic structure changes in order to stop the decline of the Ottomans; improved relationships with minorities, but not the sultans

Question 30

Cult of Domesticity

Answer 30

In the period of 1820-1860 in America, that led to a rise of feminine ideology in which they were to provide religious and moral instruction in the environment of their home, but not the larger sphere of society

Question 31

New social classes

Answer 31

Formed as a result of industrialization with industrial workers at the bottom of the structure with poor livelihoods, middle class that were factory managers that had a decent life, and upper middle class that were factory owners and benefitted greatly from industrialization

Question 32

Urbanization

Answer 32

The process of an area becoming more like a city or the movement into cities such as a creation of taller apartments buildings and an increase of the percentage of the population that lives in cities and suburbs