unit 5

Question 1

what is the skull comprised of

Answer 1

chondocranium, splanchnocranium, dermatocranium

Question 2

axial skeleton is made of

Answer 2

vertebral column, notochord, ribs, sternum

Question 3

appendicular skeleton is made of

Answer 3

paired fins or limbs, girdles

Question 4

embryonic orgin of chondocranium

Answer 4

mesenchyme and neural crest cells

Question 5

embryonic orgin of splanchnocranium

Answer 5

neural crest cells

Question 6

embryonic orgin of dermatocranium

Answer 6

mesenchyme of the dermis

Question 7

brain case of agnatha and chondrichthyes

Answer 7

chondocranium forms the entire braincase

Question 8

braincase of teleostomi

Answer 8

chondocranium forms the ventral region of the braincase and the dermatocranium forms the dorsal region

Question 9

what forms the pharyngeal arches and their derivatives

Answer 9

splanchnocranium

Question 10

gnathostomes jaw and jaw suspension

Answer 10

mandibular arch forms the jaws and in some gnathostomes the hyomandibula of the hyoid arch is used for jaw suspension

Question 11

pharyngeal arches 3-7 in fish and amphibians

Answer 11

form branchial arches that support the gills and are attachment sites for some respiratory muscles

Question 12

chondrichthyes jaw and meckles cartiledge formation

Answer 12

jaw from palatoquadrate and meckles cartiledge from splanchnocranium

Question 13

teleostomi jaws, quadrate and articular bones

Answer 13

jaws: dermatocranium

quadrate and articular bones: splanchnocranium

Question 14

prehension

Answer 14

grasping and holding prey, swallowing them whole

Question 15

durophagy

Answer 15

use a powerful bite to crush hard food items

Question 16

mastication

Answer 16

rhythmic and repetitive movements of the jaw that grind food

Question 17

suction feeding

Answer 17

rapid expansion of the buccal cavity and pharynx generates a sudden decrease in pressure that sucks prey into the mouth

Question 18

akinetic skull

Answer 18

one pair of mobile joints, joint between upper and lower jaw. only lower jaw is mobile

Question 19

kinetic skull

Answer 19

movement of upper jaw relative to the braincase. requires at least one mobile joint between the braincase and some element of the upper jaw

Question 20

paleostyly

Answer 20

habing no jaw. this was true for agnathans. in this case the pharyngeal arches of the splanchnocranium support the gills

Question 21

autostyly

Answer 21

palatoquadrate was attached directly and firmly to the brain case. hyoid arch is not involved in the jaw suspension. common in holocephali

Question 22

hyostyly

Answer 22

palatoquadrate does not attach directly to the braincase. jaws are suspended from the braincase by hyomandibula. mobile joint between hyomandibula and braincase and between the hyomandibula jaws. allows the jaw to protrude. true for most elasmobranchii.

Question 23

what does hyostyly do for elasmobranchii

Answer 23

allows the mouth to open wider and close faster. this allows upper and lower jaws to strike the prey at the same time allowing the shark to grip the prey secureley

Question 24

what type of jaw suspension do actinopterygii have

Answer 24

modified hyostylic jaw suspension. main attachment of the jaws to the braincase is by the hyoid arch espeically the hyomandibula. kinetic jaw suspension.

Question 25

in actinopterygii how is the mobile joint between the upper and lower jaw formed

Answer 25

formed by the quadrate bone of the upper jaw and the articular bone of the lower jaw

Question 26

what type of feeding do actinopterygii have

Answer 26

suction feeding

Question 27

how many mobile joints do actinopterygii have

Answer 27

3. maxilla and chondocranium, premaxilla and chondocranium, maxilla and premaxilla

Question 28

in actinopterygii how is the hyoid apparatus formed and what does it support

Answer 28

formed by ventral elements of the hyoid arch and other pharyngeal arches. supports the tongue and the loor of the mouth

Question 29

what are actinopterygii second jaws made of

Answer 29

pharyngeal jaws are made of modified elements of the posterior pharyngeal arches.

Question 30

what type of jaw suspension do amphibians and sauropsids have

Answer 30

metautostyly. jaws are attached to the braincase directly by the quadrate bone of the upper jaw

Question 31

do amphibians and sauropsids have a hyomandibula

Answer 31

no. it is reduced to the columella in the middle ear

Question 32

what do aves and lepidosauria have for jaw suspension

Answer 32

metautostyly with streptostyly

Question 33

what is metautostyly with strepostyly

Answer 33

quadrate forms a swinging bridge allowing the lower jaw to protrude increasing the range of motion of the lower jaw

Question 34

what type of jaw suspension do mammals have

Answer 34

craniostylic jaw suspension

Question 35

what is craniostylic jaw suspension

Answer 35

entire upper jaw attaches firmly to the braincase. both upper and lower jaws are formed completely from dermatocranium

Question 36

transcranial joint locations

Answer 36

metakinesis: (near the back (posterior) of the skull) mesokinesis: just posterior to the eyes prokinesis: anterior to the eyes

Question 37

what type of transcranial joint does lepidosauria have

Answer 37

mesokinesis

Question 38

what type of jaw suspension does aves have

Answer 38

streptostylic jaw suspension

Question 39

do crocdillia have kinetic or akinetic skulls

Answer 39

akinetic

Question 40

what does the primary palate do

Answer 40

separate the brain from the oral passage or nasal passage.

Question 41

what does secondary palate do

Answer 41

separates the oral pasage from the nasal passage. can be made of bone, soft fleshy tissue, or a combo

Question 42

which taxa do not have secondary palate

Answer 42

fish, amphibia, and most lepidosauria

Question 43

do tetsudinata have a partial bondy secondary palate

Answer 43

most yes

Question 44

what taxa are classified as being anapsid, synapsid, or diapsid

Answer 44

amniotes

Question 45

3 types of locations of temporal fenestrae

Answer 45

anapsid (temporal fenestrae and orbit are fused as one big hole) synapsid (one fenestraw posterior to the orbit) diapsid (2 fenestrae, one is anterior and ventral to the orbit, the other is anterior and dorsal to the orbit)

Question 46

t/f lepidosauria and archosauria have diapsid skulls

Answer 46

true