unit 7

Question 1

regions of the digestive tract

Answer 1

buccal cavity, pharynx, alimentary canal

Question 2

what is the alimentary canal

Answer 2

espohagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine

Question 3

what embryonic layer gives rise to lining of the buccal cavity

Answer 3

epidermal ectoderm

Question 4

embryonic orgin of smooth muscle that propels food through the digestive tract

Answer 4

splanchnic hypomere mesoderm

Question 5

to be absorbed it needs to pass through

Answer 5

epithelial cells

Question 6

main function of the digestive system

Answer 6

digest food and absorb nutrients

Question 7

digestion

Answer 7

breaks food down into molecules that can be absorbed

Question 8

absorption

Answer 8

uptake of molecules through epithelium of the digestive tract into the blood of lymph

Question 9

process of digestion

Answer 9

ingestion, food storage, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, microbial digestion, absorption, water reabsorption, defecation

Question 10

quality of food

Answer 10

relative difficulty of digesting the food as well as the amount of energy that is released when the food is digested

Question 11

site of ingestion

Answer 11

buccal cavity

Question 12

what does tongue do in digestion

Answer 12

propel the food through the pharynx into the alimentary canal during swallowing

Question 13

what does the buccal cavity contain

Answer 13

chemoreceptors

Question 14

what does saliva contain

Answer 14

mucus, digestive enzymes, toxins

Question 15

where is the parynx

Answer 15

posterior to the buccal cavity

Question 16

what does the esophagus do

Answer 16

muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach

Question 17

what does the esophagus have in aves

Answer 17

the crop

Question 18

what are the two chambers of an aves stomach

Answer 18

gizzard and proventriculus

Question 19

what does aves proventriculus produce

Answer 19

acid and enxymes for chemical digestion

Question 20

what is the gizzard in aves

Answer 20

specialized grinding stomach

Question 21

what is the main site of digestion of proteins, fats, and carbs

Answer 21

intestines

Question 22

most anterior region of the intestine

Answer 22

duodenum

Question 23

what is the small intestine the major site of

Answer 23

nutrient absorption

Question 24

how can you increase the total amount of nutrients absorbed

Answer 24

large surface area, thin epithelium, vascularization, specializations that increase the length of the time spent in the small intestine

Question 25

circular folds in the internal surface area of the small intestine

Answer 25

plicae

Question 26

microvilli

Answer 26

inside the epithelial cells. increase the SA for absorption

Question 27

what do actinopterygii have at the junction of the stomach and duodenum

Answer 27

pyloric caeca

Question 28

what does the pyloric caeca do in actinopterygii

Answer 28

chemical digestion and nutrient absorption

Question 29

what do chondrichthyes, sarcopterygii, and some actinopterygii have in their intestines

Answer 29

spiral valve

Question 30

what do tetrapods and actinopterygii do in their intestines instead of a spiral valve

Answer 30

increase the length of their intestine

Question 31

what is microbial digestion

Answer 31

fermentation. the digestion of cellulose

Question 32

what do tetrapods have at the junction of the small and large intestines

Answer 32

caecum

Question 33

what does the large intestine do in digestion

Answer 33

consolidate all undigested material into feces. also in charge of water reabsorption

Question 34

how is a coelom formed

Answer 34

hypomere mesoderm splits into two layers, somatic hypomere and splanchnic hypomere

Question 35

pericardial cavity

Answer 35

contains the heart

Question 36

pleuroparitoneal cavity

Answer 36

contains most other internal organs

Question 37

amniote coelom 2 cavities

Answer 37

thoracic and peritoneal. thoracic: divided into paricadial (heart) and pleural (lungs) peritoneal: contains most other organs like liver and intestines

Question 38

what do kidneys form from

Answer 38

mesomere mesoderm embryo

Question 39

kidney excretion

Answer 39

kidneys excrete nitrogenous easte as well as amino acids and salts

Question 40

omoregulation

Answer 40

done by the kidneys. maintain water balance

Question 41

nephrons

Answer 41

urine formation

Question 42

reabsorption

Answer 42

done by proximal tubule. reabsorbs water, nurtients, and salts. transports them back into the blood

Question 43

osmoconformers

Answer 43

animals that do not osmoregulate

Question 44

do myxinoidea osmoregulate

Answer 44

no

Question 45

osmoregulators that live in fresh water

Answer 45

hyperosmotic to the environment

Question 46

osmoregulators who live in salt water

Answer 46

hyoposmotic to their environment

Question 47

intermediate region of nephric tubule is elongated in mamls

Answer 47

loop of henle

Question 48

what does loop of henle do

Answer 48

produce concentration of salts surrounding the collecting tubules such that water is reabsorbed from collecting tubules

Question 49

rectal glands in chondrichthyes

Answer 49

removes NaCl from teh blood and excretes it through a duct in the rectum