Unit 5 Flashcards
(325 cards)
1
Q
Etiologies of Vesicouretral Reflux
A
Congenitally short intravesicular portion of ureter
Bladder atony
Outlet obstruction
2
Q
Outcomes of Vesicouretral Reflux
A
Infection
Hydronephrosis
Chronic Renal Failure
3
Q
Cystitis Symptoms
A
Urinary frequency
Dysuria
Hematuria
Incontinence
4
Q
Cystitis Etiologies
A
Infection
Noninfectious Chemical Irritants
5
Q
Cystitis Complications
A
Pyelonephritis
Renal failure
Renal calculi
Fistula
6
Q
Histopathology of Hemorrhagic Cystitis
A
Blood in lamina propria of bladder
7
Q
Interstitial Cystitis Clinical Presentation
A
Symptoms of bladder infection without infection
8
Q
Interstitial Cystitis Cystoscopy Finding
A
Mucosal fissuring of bladder
9
Q
Interstitial Cystitis Histopathology
A
Fibrosis of Lamina Propria
Granulation Tissue
Mast Cells
10
Q
Main Etiology of Renal Calculi
A
Urinary stasis
11
Q
Bladder Cancer Main Age Group
A
Older people
12
Q
Main Risk Factor of Bladder Cancer
A
Cigarette Smoking
13
Q
Two Morphologies of Bladder Tumors
A
Flat
Papillary
14
Q
Three Types of Papillary Bladder Tumor
A
Nonmalignant Papilloma
Papillary Carcinoma
Invasive Papillary Carcinoma
15
Q
Two Types of Flat Bladder Tumor
A
Flat Noninvasive Carcinoma
Flat Invasive Carcinoma
16
Q
Urothelial Carcinoma Clinical Presentation
A
Painless hematuria
17
Q
Urine Cytology Shortcoming in Cancer Diagnosis
A
Will only show positive in high grade cancers
18
Q
Cryptorchidism Incidence
A
1% in 1 year old boys
19
Q
Cryptorchidism Tumor Risk
A
5 to 10 times increased risk for tumors
20
Q
Granulomatous Orchitis Etiology
A
When the blood contacts the sperm and attacks the sperm as foreign
21
Q
This infection preferentially attacks the structures adjacent to the testes
A
TB
22
Q
These infections preferentially attack the testes
A
Mumps
Syphilis
23
Q
Testicular Atrophy Main Cause
A
Atherosclerosis
24
Q
Most Common Type of Testicular Tumor
A
Germ cell tumors
25
Impact of Male Puberty on Testicular Tumors
Tumors that occur before puberty tend to be more benign and less aggressive
26
Behavior of Seminoma vs Mixed Testicular Tumor
Pure seminomas tend to be better behaved
27
Seminoma Classic Histopathology
Fried egg cells
28
Common Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Markers
HCG
AFP
29
Most Common Benign Penile Tumor
Condyloma Acuminatum
30
Cause of Condyloma Acuminatum
Low Risk HPV
31
Causes of Penile Carcinoma
High Risk HPV 16 or 18
32
Site of Most Prostate Cancer
Peripheral Zone
33
Site Most Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Transitional Zone
34
Histopathology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Multinodular proliferation of both stroma and glands
35
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Therapies
5a Reductase Inhibitors
Simple Prostatectomy
Transurethral Resection
36
Most Common Cancer in Men
Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
37
Somatic Mutations of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
TMPRSS2 promotor ERG/ETV1 Gene Fusion
38
Prostate Cancer Screening Steps
Elevated PSA
DRE and TRUS
Biopsy sent to pathology
39
PSA Velocity
Rate of change of PSA, which increases in cancer
40
What does high total PSA but low free PSA indicate?
Higher chance of cancer
41
Grading System for Prostate Cancer
Gleason Scale
42
This biopsy report is suspicious but not indicative of prostate cancer
Atypical Small Acini
43
Portions of the Cervix
Ectocervix
Endocervix
Transformation Zone
44
Histology of Ectocervix and Vagina
Lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium
45
Hystology of Endocervix
Columnar mucin secreting epithelium
46
Transformation Zone Location
Area between the ectocervix and endocervix
47
Herpes Simplex Location of Infection
Sacral ganglia
48
Herpes Simplex Clinical Presentation
Painful vesicles that eventually ulcerate and crust
49
Trichomonas Causative Organism
Parasite
50
Trichomonas Clinical Presentation
Abundant, purulent, foul smelling discharge
51
Trichomonas Diagnosis
Wet prep microscopy
52
Candidiasis Causative Organism
C. albicans fungus
53
Candidiasis Clinical Presentation
Cottage cheese discharge
54
Candidiasis Diagnosis
Pap
Gram Stain
KOH Prep
55
Bacterial Vaginosis Clinical Presentation
Noninflammatory discharge and fishy odor
56
Bacterial Vaginosis Causative Organism
Gardnerella vaginalis and anaerobes
57
Bacterial Vaginosis Histopathology
Clue cells
58
Condyloma Acuminatum Causative Organism
Low risk HPV
59
Condyloma Acuminatum Histopathology
Koilocytosis
60
Morphology of Primary Syphilis
Chancre
61
Morphology of Secondary Syphilis
Chondyloma lata
62
US Cervical Cancer Statistics
14,000 new cases
4,300 deaths
63
Worldwide Cervical Cancer Statistics
Fourth most common cancer in women
600,000 new cases
340,000 deaths
64
Types of Cervical Cancer
Squamous Cell Carcinoma 60 to 80%
Adenocarcinoma far less common
65
Lichen Sclerosis is associated with this pathology
Vulvar carcinoma
66
Lichen Sclerosis is associated with cancer in this age group
Over 60
67
HPV Viral Morphology
Icosahedral DNA Virus
68
Mucosotropic HPV Cell Preference
Basal and squamous epithelial cells
69
Most Common High Risk HPV Types
16 and 18
70
Most Common Low Risk HPV Types
6 and 11
71
Classical Preinvasive Squamous Lesion Nomenclature
Mild, moderate, or severe dysplasia
72
CIN Preinvasive Squamous Lesion Nomenclature
CIN I, II, and III
73
Dividing Line Between Clinical Tracking and Procedural Intervention in Preinvasive Squamous Lesions
Low grade SIL and High grade SIL
74
This happens to most Pap tests
Screened by a cytotechnologist and usually never seen by a pathologist
75
HPV DNA Test Usage
Triage of ASCUS results on Pap test
76
Can the Pap Test screen for endometrial cancer?
NO
77
Morphology of Menstrual Phase
Upper 1/2 to 2/3 of lining shed
78
Morphology of Proliferative Phase
Main straight tubules
79
Morphology of Secretory Phase
Basal Secretory Vacuoles
Serrated appearance of glands
80
Secretory Phase Histology
Subnuclear secretory vacuoles
81
Functional Endometrial Disorder
Abnormal uterine bleeding with normal uterine anatomy
82
Acute Endometrial Inflammation Causes
Retained miscarriage products
Bacterial infection after delivery
83
Chronic Endometrial Inflammation Causes
IUD
TB
Chronic PID
Chlamydial Infection
84
Chronic Endometrial Inflammation Histology
Plasma cells in uterine tissue
85
Endometriosis Gross Pathology
Endometrial tissue outside the uterine lining
86
Common Endometriosis Location
Rectovaginal Septum
Uterine Ligaments
Pelvic Peritoneum
87
Adenomyosis Gross Pathology
Endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium
88
Endometrial Hyperplasia Gross Pathology
Increased gland to stroma ratio
89
Endometrial Hyperplasia Genetics
Inactivation of PTEN, which increases estrogen sensitivity and drives abnormal proliferation
90
Two Types of Endometrial Hyperplasia
Without Cytologic Atypia
With Cytologic Atypia
91
Endometrial Hyperplasia with cytologic atypia increases risk for what
Endometrial cancer
92
Endometrial Carcinoma Biochemical Etiology
Prolonged estrogen stimulation
93
Endometrioid Type I Endometrial Cancer Etiology
Settings of Hyperplasia
Excess estrogen
Less aggressive
94
Serous Type II Endometrial Cancer Etiology
P53 Mutation
More Aggressive
95
Endometrioid Type I Endometrial Cancer Population
Obese
Middle Aged
96
Serous Type II Endometrial Cancer Population
Thin
Older
97
Two Myometrial Tumors
Leiomyoma
Leiomyosarcoma
98
Leiomyoma Gross Pathology
Benign smooth muscle tumor with well circumscribed, whorled cut surface
99
Types of Non Neoplastic Uterine Cysts
Follicular
Luteal
Surface Epithelial
Polycystic Ovarian Disease
100
Polycystic Ovarian Disease Clinical Presentation
Scant Menses
Hirsutism
Abnormal Hormone Levels
101
Polycystic Ovarian Disease Clinical Correlations
Abnormal Androgen Biosynthesis
Insulin Resistance
102
Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cancer Risk Factors
No Kids
Family History
Gonadal Dysgenesis
BRCA1 and 2
103
Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cancer Main Screening Factor
BRCA1 and 2 Screening
104
Most Effective Prevention for Ovarian Surface Epithelial Cancer
Prophylactic removal of tubes and ovaries
105
Most Common Ovarian Tumors
Serous
Mucinous
106
Morphology of Benign Ovarian Tumors
Singel layered epithelium
107
Morphology of Borderline Ovarian Tumors
Some cellular atypia by no invasion
108
Morphology of Malignant Ovarian Tumors
Marked cellular atypia with invasion
109
Origin of Serous Ovarian Tumors
Uterine Tubes
110
Origin of Bilateral Mucinous Ovarian Tumors
Usually cancer of the appendix
111
Key Symptom of Appendix Cancer Spread to Ovaries
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
112
Primary Risk Factor for Endometrioid Tumor
Endometriosis
113
Most Common Germ Cell Tumor
Teratoma
114
Cell Types of Malignant Teratoma
Immature cells and tissues
115
Endometrial Sinus Tumor Severity
Always Malignant
116
Most Common Primary Origins of Malignant Ovarian Tumors
Breast
Stomach
Biliary Tract
Pancreas
117
Aphthous Ulcer Etiology
Unknown
Celiac
IBD
118
Herpes Stomatitis Histopathology
Viral inclusion bodies
Glassy nuclei
Lifted epithelium
119
Herpes Stomatitis Test
PCR
120
Pyogenic Granuloma Morphology
Bright red, ulcerated, nodular gingival lesion
121
Leukoplakia Morphology
Small raised white patch on mucosal surface
122
Leukoplakia Etiology
Usage of chewing tobacco
123
Leukoplakia can progress into this pathology
Oral Cancer
124
Erythroplakia Morphology
Red, velvety, and granular
125
Erythroplakia Malignant Transformation Rate
Greater than 50%
126
Oral Cancer Predominat Type
95% squamous cell carcinomas
127
Oral Cancer Etiologies
Tobacco and Alcohol Use
High Risk HPV
128
Genetics of Tobacco Related Oral Cancer
TP53
p63
NOTCH1
129
Oral Cancer Area of Spread
Cervical Lymph Nodes
130
Sialadenitis Etiology
Mumps
Other Virus
Bacteria
Autoimmune
131
Mucocele Etiology
Trauma to the salivary gland prevents salivary drainage into mouth
132
Most Common Location of Salivary Tumors
Parotid Gland
133
Most Common Salivary Tumor Type
Benign Pleomorphic Ademoma
134
Warthin Tumor Location
Exclusively parotid gland
135
Warthin Tumor Demographic
Male smokers
136
Most Common Malignant Salivary Tumor
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma
137
Dentigerous Cyst Location
Around the crown of an unerupted tooth
138
Odontogenic Keratocyst Location
Posterior Mandible
139
Breast Lesion Clinical Anatomical Description
Clock face orientation and distance from nipple
140
Terminal Duct Lobular Unit Definition
Very most proximal area of breast acinus
Most lesions arise from here
141
Two Layers of Breast Gland and Duct
Epithelium
Myoepithelium
142
This histopathological feature indicates a benign tumor
Involvement of two different tissue layers
143
Sentinel Lymph Node Definition
First node encountered by lymphatic drainage of a tumor
144
Fibrocystic Change Definition
Gross appearance of benign non neoplastic breast proliferative disease
145
Proliferative Fibrocystic Change Definition
Hyperplasia of breast ductal epithelium
146
Proliferative Fibrocystic Change Risk
1.5 to 2 fold increased risk for developing subsequent malignancy
147
Breast Fibroadenoma Definition
Well circumscribed, biphasic benign breast tumor
148
Breast Fibroadenoma Age Group
20s and 30s
149
Most Common Breast Cancer Presentation in United States
Detection on imaging
150
Single Mammogram Sensitivity To Cancer
80 to 90%
151
Mammography Looks for These Things
Densities
Calcifications
152
Breast Cancer Genetic Risk Factors
BRCA1
BRCA2
TP53
CHEK2
153
In Situ Carcinoma Histopathology
Confined to the lumen and bound by the basement membrane
154
Two In Situ Breast Malignancies
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ
155
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Approach
Always surgery because this pathology is premalignant
156
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ Approach
Sometimes watchful waiting because this pathology is not always premalignant
157
Paget Disease of Breast
DCIS that has spread to the skin surface
158
Invasive Mammary Carcinoma Occurence Rates
80% Ductal
10% Lobular
10% Special Types
159
Entity of High Stage Breast Cancer
Inflammatory carcinoma
160
Breast Cancer T Stage
Tumor Size
161
Breast Cancer N Stage
Number of regional lymph nodes involved
162
Breast Cancer M Stage
Distant metastasis present or not
163
Sites of Common Breast Cancer Metastasis
Lung
Bone
Brain
Liver
164
Three Pathways of Breast Cancer Development
Luminal
HER2 Enriched
Tripple Negative
165
Luminal Breast Cancer Molecular Characteristics
ER Positive
HER2 Negative
166
HER2 Enriched Breast Cancer Molecular Characteristics
ER Positive
HER2 Positive
167
Triple Negative Breast Cancer Molecular Characteristics
All negative
168
Most Breast Tumors Are Positive for This
Estrogen and progesterone receptors
169
ER PR Positive Tumor Treatment
Hormonal therapy usually works
170
HER2 Positive Tumor Treatment
Antibodies to HER2
171
Cellular Lining of Esophagus
Squamous epithelia
172
Organisms of Infectious Esophagitis
Candida
HSV
CMV
173
Infectious Esophagitis Population
Usually immonocompromized in some way
174
Infectious Esophagitis Clinical Symptoms
Odynophagia and dysphagia
175
Candida Esophagitis Gross Pathology
White plaques on mucosal surface
176
Herpes Esophagitis Gross Pathology
Multiple small punched out ulcers
177
CMV Esophagitis Gross Pathology
Few larger lesions
178
Herpes Esophagitis Histopathology
Nuclear inclusions in squamous epithelia
179
CMV Esophagitis Histopathology
Large inclusions that enlarge cells in ulcer base
180
Common Causes of Pill Esophagitis
NSAIDS
Antibiotics
Iron
181
Common Location of Pill Esophagitis
Mid esophagus
182
Complication of Reflux
Ulcer
Stricture
Barrett Esophagus
183
Barrett Esophagus General Definition
Normal esophageal epithelium replaced with glandular epithelium
184
Barrett Esophagus Histological Presentation
Must have goblet cells
185
Barrett Esophagus Gross Pathology
Red tongue of tissue in the esophagus
186
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Clinical Presentation
Dysphagia
Food Impaction
Heartburn
187
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Associations
Eczema
Asthma
188
Eosinophilic Esophagitis Histopathology
Eosinophils in normal esophageal tissue
189
Two Main Types of Esophageal Tumors
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
190
Most Common Cancer of Esophagus in the United States
Adenocarcinoma
191
Risk Factors for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Reflux
Barrett Esophagus
Tobacco Use
192
Risk Factors for Squamous Cell Esophageal Cancer
Alcohol Use
Tobacco Use
193
Location of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma
Distal Esophagus
194
Acute Hemorrhagic Gastritis Etiology
Severe trauma damage protective surface epithelia, which enables acid to break down the deeper tissues
195
Helicobacter Gastritis Tissue Type
Foveolar gastric epithelium
196
Helicobacter Gastritis Spread
Fecal oral
197
Helicobacter Gastritis Associated Cancers
MALT Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
198
Helicobacter Gastritis Protective Adaptation to Acid
Urease
199
Helicobacter Gastritis Histopathology
Profound inflammatory response in lamina propria of stomach
200
Helicobacter Microscopic Location Preference
Atop the stomach epithelium
201
Duodenal Histological Response to Injury
Gastric Metaplasia
202
Two Types of Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
Environmental
Autoimmune
203
Chemical Gastritis Histopathology
Reactive foveolar changes but little inflammation
204
Drug Induced Gastric Injury Etiology
Topical Damage thru ion trapping
Impaired healing thru decreased prostaglandins
205
Location of Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
Stomach body and diffuse stomach
206
Location of Environmental Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis
Greater in the antrum
207
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis Demographics
Northern European
208
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis Histopathology
Low parietal and chief cells
209
Autoimmune Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis Associations
Pernicious Anemia
Gastric Cancers
210
Environmental Metaplastic Atrophic Gastritis Histopathology
Multifocal
211
Two Major Histological Types of Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Intestinal
Diffuse
212
Histopathology of Intestinal Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Discrete mass forming
Makes Glands
213
Histopathology of Diffuse Type Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Single cells infiltrating lamina propria
Signet ring cells
214
Hallmark of Acute Intestinal Inflammation
Neutrophils
215
Neutrophils Within Intestinal Epithelium Indicate This
Cryptitis
Abscess
216
Neutrophils Atop Intestinal Epithelium Indicate This
Exudate
Psuedomembrane
217
Histopathology of Chronic Intestinal Inflammation
Crypt Distortion
Paneth Cell Metaplasia
Plasma Cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Scarring
218
Etiology of Viral Enteritis
Virus kills duodenal and upper jejunal cells, which are shed and replaced with poorly functional immature cells
219
E coli 0157:H7 Etiology
Toxin damage to epithelium
220
E coli 0157:H7 Symptoms
Watery diarrhea that becomes bloody
221
E coli 0157:H7 Common Sequelae
Fibrin clots in kidneys that cause hemolytic anemia
222
Organism of Antibiotic Associated Colitis
C difficile
223
Antibiotic Associated Colitis Etiology
Overgrowth of C difficile that produces a toxin
224
C difficile Colitis Histopathology
Often normal
Lack of epithelia in crypts
225
C difficile Colitis Gross Pathology
Pseudomembranous colitis
226
C difficile Colitis Chronic Changes
NONE
227
Crohns Disease Location
Anywhere from mouth to anus but usually at the ileocolic junction
228
Crohns Disease Histopathology
Focal areas of inflammation
Transmural inflammation
Granulomas
229
Crohns Disease Gross Pathology
Aphthous ulcers
230
Common Crohns Disease Presenting Sign
Perianal Fistulae
231
Ulcerative Colitis Location
Distal colon which can move proximally
232
Ulcerative Colitis Histopathology
Superficial Mucositis
Crypt Abscess
233
Ulcerative Colitis Common Growth
Polyps
234
Morphology of Dysplasia in Crohns and UC
Noninvasive atypical epithelia proliferation
235
Hypotension Causes This in the Gut
Ischemia of watershed zone
236
Histopathology of Colonic Ischemia
Atrophic crypts without inflammation
237
Histopathology of Diverticular Disease
Thickened muscularis propria with mucosa herniated through wall
238
Genetics of Celiac Disease
HLA DQ2 or DQ8
239
Celiac Disease Serology Finding
Serum Transglutaminase
240
Giardia Causative Organism
Parasites
241
Giardia Clinical Symptoms
Diarrhea Without Blood
Gas
Malabsorption
242
Most Common Colon Polyp
Serrated polyp
243
Most Common Neoplastic Colon Polyp
Adenoma
244
Hyperplastic Polyp Histopathology
Saw tooth glands with mucous cells
245
Significance of Hyperplastic Polyps
Non neoplastic
Not a Cancer Precursor
246
Morphology of Sessile Serrated Polyps
Larger than hyperplastic polyps
Dilated crypts and abnormalities at base
247
Colorectal Adenoma Definition
Neoplastic precancer but not invasive or capable of metastasis
248
Colorectal Adenoma Gross Pathology
Pedunculated
Sessile
249
Colorectal Adenoma Histopathology
Tubular
Villous
Tubulovillous
250
Risk Factors for Cancer in Colorectal Adenoma
Size
Villous Pattern
High Grade Dysplasia
251
Predictive Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
Frank Red Blood
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Melena with Negative EGD
252
Colon Cancer Deaths in the United States
Fourth Most Common Cancer
Second Cause of Cancer Death
253
Genetic Risks of Colon Cancer
Positive Family History
Lynch Syndrome
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli
Other Polyposis Syndromes
254
NSAIDs Impact on Colon Cancer
Possibly protective
255
IBD Impact on Colon Cancer
Increases risk of colon cancer
256
Most Common Genetic Pathway of Colon Cancer
APC Beta Catenin Chromosomal instability
257
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis General Genetics
Autosomal Dominant mutation on APC
258
Lynch Syndrome Genetics
Autosomal Dominant inherited mutation on mismatch repair genes
259
Malignant Polyp Morphology
Invasion of Muscularis Mucosa
Invasion of Polyp Stalk
260
Colon Cancer Classic Imaging Finding
Apple Core Lesion
261
T Staging of Colon Cancer
Based on how many colonic tissue layers it invades
262
Colon Cancer Genetics With Best Prognosis
Mismatch repair deficiency
263
Classic Endocrine Histology
Packets of cells
Salt and pepper chromatin
264
Paraganglioma Location
Next to parasympathetic chains in the retroperitoneal abdomen and neck
265
Endocrine Hyperplasia General Etiology
Generally reactive
266
Adenoma General Morphology
Generally solitary
267
Panhypopituitarism Definition
Deficiency of all pituitary hormones
268
Most Common Clinical Manifestations of Panhypopituitarism
TSH and ACTH deficiency
269
Most Common Infection of the Adrenals
TB
270
Three Pathologies of Pancreas
Congenital
Pancreatitis
Tumors
271
Most Common Congenital Anomaly of Pancreas
Pancreas Divisum
272
Pancreas Divisum Anatomy
Pancreas has two separate distinct buds
273
Ectopic Pancreas Occurrence
2% of population
274
Ectopic Pancreas Anatomy
Normal pancreas growing outside of the pancreas
275
Acute Pancreatitis General Definition
REVERSIBLE pancreatic acinar cell injury associated with acute inflammation, edema, and fat necrosis
276
Chronic Pancreatitis General Definition
Multiple bouts of acute pancreatitis IRREVERSIBLY replaces exocrine pancreas with fibrosis
277
Most Common Etiologies of Acute Pancreatitis
Alcohol
Gallstones
278
Gall Stone Pancreatitis Population
Mostly women
279
Alcohol Pancreatitis Population
Mostly men
280
Acute Pancreatitis Presentation
Acute Onset
Constant intense epigastric pain that radiates to the back
Fever
Respiratory Distress
DIC
Shock
281
Acute Pancreatitis Pathophysiology
Enzymatic autodigestion of pancreas by activated pancreatic enzymes
282
Acute Pancreatitis Diagnosis
Elevated Amylase
Elevated Lipase
283
Elevated Amylase Timeline
Peaks at 24 hours and returns to normal within 48 to 72 hours
284
Elevated Lipase Timeline
Peaks at 48 to 72 hours and remains elevated for 7 to 10 days
285
Acute Pancreatitis Treatment
Pancreatic Rest Thru NPO
IV Fluids
Analgesics
NG Tube
286
Acute Pancreatitis Outcomes
Pancreatic Pseudocysts 40 to 60%
Hemorrhagic Pancreatitis 5%
Mortality 20 to 40%
287
Main Associations of Chronic Pancreatitis
Repeated acute pancreatitis from alcohol abuse
50% Idiopathic
288
Chronic Pancreatitis Outcomes
Pseudocyts in 10% of patients
Pancreatic Insufficiency
Diabetes mellitus
289
General Types of Pancreatic Tumors
Solid
Cystic Serous
Cystic Mucinous
290
Serous Cystadenoma Anatomy
Does not connect to the duct
291
Serous Cystadenoma Population
Mostly older women
292
Serous Cystadenoma Gross Pathology
Cut grapefruit sign
293
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Association With Carcinoma
1/3 of these are associated with adenocarcinoma
294
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm Histopathology
Ovarian like stroma
295
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Anatomy
Head of pancreas
Ducts of pancreatic acini
296
Common Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Genetics
KRAS Mutations
297
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Presentation
Abdominal pain
PAINLESS Jaundice
298
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Gross Morphology
Poorly circumscribed, gray white, hard stellate mass
299
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm Occurence
Less than 2% of all pancreatic neoplasms
300
Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm Gross Pathology
Well circumscribed pink tan lesion
Common in pancreatic body and tail
301
Most Common Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm
Insulinoma
302
Gastrinoma Association
ZE syndrome from excessive acid production
303
Classic High PTH Symptoms
Painful bones
Renal Stones
Abdominal Groans
Psychic Moans
304
Secondary High PTH Etiology
Usually chronic renal failure
305
Primary Hyperparathyroidism Main Cause
Benign parathyroid adenoma
306
Decreased PTH Symptoms
Hypertonia
Arrhythmias
307
Thyroid Hormone Functions
Increased carb and fat breakdown
Stimulates protein synthesis
Stimulates Glucose Absorption
308
Hyperthyroidism General Symptoms
Heat intolerance
Weight loss with increased apatite
309
Common Causes of Primary Hyperthyroidism
Graves
Toxic Goiter
Early Autoimmune Thyroiditis
310
Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis
Decreased TSH
Increased Free T4
Radioactive Iodine Uptake Imaging
311
Clinical Features of Graves Disease
Hyperthyroid Symptoms
Warm Moist Skin
Nervousness
Large Prominent Eyes
312
Thyroid Storm Etiology
Complication of Graves Disease
313
General Hypothyroidism Symptoms
Cold Intolerance
Listlessness
Weight Gain
314
Hypothyroidism Causes
Therapeutic Thyroid Ablation
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Dietary Iodine Deficiency
Lithium Usage
Hypopituitarism
315
Hypothyroidism Diagnosis
316
Other Causes of Thyroiditis
Subacute Postviral
Idiopathic Fibrosing
317
Goiter Histopathology
Giant lakes of colloid
318
Thyroid Follicular Carcinoma Occurence
5 to 15% of all thyroid malignancy
319
Follicular Carcinoma Invasiveness
Minimally invasive unless it invades bloods vessel
320
Most Common Thyroid Malignancy in Kids and Adults
Papillary Carcinoma
321
Papillary Carcinoma Occurence
65 to 80% of all thyroid cancers
322
Papillary Carcinoma Genetic Mutations
BRAF
RET PTC
323
Papillary Carcinoma Site of Spread
Local lymph nodes
324
Most Aggressive Thyroid Carcinoma
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
325
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Types
Thyroid C Cells
