Unit 5 1844 - 1877

Question 1

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What was the Manifest Destiny?

Answer 1

The belief was that the United States had the mission and responsibility to extend its power and civilization across North America.

Question 2

5.2 Manifest Destiny

Why was expansion desired during the 1840s?

Answer 2

Some forces that drove expansion were…
* Nationalism
* Population increase
* Rapid economic development
* Technological advances
* Reform ideals

Question 3

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What led to tension between the Mexicans and Americans in Texas?

Answer 3

Stephen Austin had led families into Texas which led to the migration of American settlers into this new territory. Thus, not only did Americans outnumber Mexicans, but when slavery was outlawed and conversion into Roman Catholicism became mandatory, it was a no-no for Americans.

Question 4

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What was the Santa Anna vs Sam Houston Revolt and what was the consequence?

Answer 4

When General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna made himself dictator of Mexico (1834) and attempted to enforce Mexico’s laws into Texas, Sam Houston and a group of American settlers revolted and declared Texas an independent republic.

Question 5

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What happened at the Alamo?

Answer 5

When a Mexican army led by Santa Anna captured the Alamo in San Antonio, Sam Houston caught the army by surprise, captured Santa Anna, and forced the Mexicans to sign a treaty that recognized Texas as an independent republic and gave Texas all territory north of the Rio Grande. However, this treaty was REJECTED. Therefore, Texas attempted to be annexed (added) to the U.S. as a new state.

Question 6

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What was the Webster-Ashburton Treaty?

Answer 6

Open fighting had erupted on the Maine-Canadian border between rival lumbar workers best known as the Aroostook War. This was resolved by this treaty as this territory was consequently split between Maine and Canada. This treaty also settled the boundary of the Minnesota territory.

Question 7

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What were the two things the expansionists believed were the U.S.’s Manifest Destiny by the 1844 election?

Answer 7

Possessing all of Oregon and annexing Texas.

Question 8

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What effect did the split of the Democratic Party have on the Election of 1844? Who won this election?

Answer 8

The party’s Northern wing opposed annexation and wanted Martin Van Buren as president while the South favored slavery and expansion and wanted John Calhoun as president. However, James Polk, who favored Texas annexation, California acquisition, and Oregon reoccupation, was ultimately chosen as president.

Question 9

5.2 Manifest Destiny

Who did the “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” slogan appeal to?

Answer 9

American Westerners and Southern expansionists.

Question 10

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What was the result of Texas Annexation and Oregon reoccupation?

Answer 10

Texas was annexed and an agreement was signed with the British to divide Oregon territory at the 49th parallel.

Question 11

5.2 Manifest Destiny

Who were the types of people that migrated to Oregon and California?

Answer 11

Fur traders, pioneers, miners, farmers, and several professionals such as business owners.

Question 12

5.2 Manifest Destiny

What factors played a role in the expansion of U.S. trade?

Answer 12

Shipping firms established a consistent schedule for departures, the whale oil demand, improvements in ship design, the development of steamboats, and expansion of trade to Asia.

Question 13

5.3 Mexican American War

What were the immediate causes of the Mexican-American War?

Answer 13

Initially, Mexico was not happy with the annexation of Texas. While Slidell was ordered by Polk to persuade Mexico to sell California and settle the disputed border, Polk had simultaneously sent Zachary Taylor to move his army toward the Rio Grande where Mexican armies eventually captured the army patrol. This justified Polk’s intentions of going into war.

Question 14

5.3 Mexican American War

What were the consequences of the Mexican-American War?

Answer 14

California became an independent republic and Texas, the Mexicans were driven away from Texas, and Mexico City was captured.

Question 15

5.3 Mexican American War

What was the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)?

Answer 15

Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas and the U.S. took full possession of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico - the Mexican Cession, paying $15 million.

Question 16

5.3 Mexican American War

What was the Wilmot Proviso?

Answer 16

Since the power of slavery was still an issue in the U.S. this bill was proposed to forbid slavery in the territories acquired from Mexico in an attempt to reduce Southern power. However, it was defeated in the Senate (more Southern power) twice.

Question 17

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What was the Ostend Manifesto?

Answer 17

An attempt by President Franklin Pierce to secretly buy Cuba from Spain from the Germans. Anti-slavery members of Congress were furious and forced President Pierce to drop the scheme.

Question 18

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What was done to prevent the British and America from building a canal in that region as a way to gain power?

Answer 18

Great Britain and America agreed to the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.

Question 19

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What was President Pierce still able to do even when he wasn’t allowed to buy Cuba?

Answer 19

He bought some land from Mexico through the Gadsden Purchase.

Question 20

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What were the three positions held by most people on whether to allow slavery in the Western territories?

Answer 20

1: The Free Soil Party, Northerners opposed allowing slavery in the Mexican Cession as well as all territory in general. #2: Southerners, viewed attempts to abolish slavery as a violation of constitutional rights to their property. #3: Popular Sovereignty: the decision to allow slavery in a territory should be decided by the vote of the people in that territory.

Question 21

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

Who were the candidates in the Election of 1848? Who won?

Answer 21

Democrats nominated Senator Cass, Whigs nominated Zachary Taylor, and the Free-Soil Party nominated Martin Van Buren. Zachary Taylor won,

Question 22

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What led to the Compromise of 1850 and what did it lead to?

Answer 22

The Gold Rush that had led settlers into California initiated the drafting of a California Constitution that banned slavery. Because the Southerners felt that this was giving power to the North, they planned on seceding from the Union. Therefore this Compromise was made by Clay to resolve this issue. This compromise also deepened the commitment of the Northerners to save the Union.

Question 23

5.4 The Compromise of 1850

What were the things that the Compromise of 1850 consisted of?

Answer 23

• Annex California as a free state
• Mexican Cession divided into Utah & New Mexico and popular sovereignty of slavery will take place in these territories.
• Give the land in dispute between Texas & the New Mexico territory to the new territories
• Ban slave trade in Columbia
• Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law

Question 24

5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences

What were the causes of migration to the U.S. by the Irish and Germans?

Answer 24

The Irish needed a new territory with fertile land/soil to continue their potato farming. However, the Irish faced discrimination b/c of their belief in Roman Catholicism. The Germans were going through political fragmentation in their nation and were in need of a new beginning free from the corruption of their nation.

Question 25

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** What was Nativism and what did it lead to?

Answer 25

Native-born Americans formed a hatred towards these immigrants since they were closely tied to Roman Catholicism. The Know-Nothing Party, which gained strength in the New England and Mid Atlantic states, consequently sprung from this and enforced policies that increased the time required for immigrants to attain citizenship. However Nativism faded as tensions increased between the North and South.

Question 26

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** How did territorial expansion lead to economic growth from the 1840s to 1857?

Answer 26

Factories started producting sewing machines, shoes, ready-to-wear clothes, etc... Furthermore, the inventions of the sewing machine and the telegraph helped with the production of clothes and communicatiom, respectiviely. Railroads, which emerged as America's largest industry, promoted Western agriculture and united commerce between the Northwest and Midwest.

Question 27

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** Who was affected and unaffected by the Panic of 1857?

Answer 27

This Panic caused a decrease in prices for Midwestern agricultural products and emplyemnt in Northern cities. However, cotton prices remained high in the South, leading to the notion that their plantation economy proved that they didn't need the North.

Question 28

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** What was enforced by the Fugitive Slave Law and who opposed it?

Answer 28

This law helped slave owners track runaway enslaved people who had escaped from the South. States in the North were forced to capture and return slaves who claimed they were free back to the South. The North hated this act and tried to protect African Americans from being returned, risking heavy penalties from the South.

Question 29

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** What was the Underground Railroad and what was its effect?

Answer 29

It was a loose network of activists that helped enslaved people escape to freedom in the North or Canada. The most famous and influential conductor of Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman.

Question 30

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** What was *Uncle Tom's Cabin?*

Answer 30

A book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed the realities of slavery in the South as well as portryaed slave owners as evil, cruel and inhuman. It introduced many Northerners and Europeans to the horrors that slaves had to go through in the South.

Question 31

# **5.5 Sectionalism: Regional Differences** What were the effects if Law and literature in the tensions between the North and South?

Answer 31

The Fugutive Slave Law and books like *Uncle Tom's Cabin* increasingly polarized the North and South on this topic of slavery even further. Northerners started to see this issue of slavery as a moral issue while Southerners started to grow more concerned that slavery would be successfully abolished soon.

Question 32

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** What was one thing proposed to resolve sectional differences over slavery that eventually led to further turmoil?

Answer 32

The Kansas-Nebraska Act. It was proposed to split the Nebraska territory into Kansas and Nebraska. This bill gave the opportunity of Southerners to expand lavery into Kansas even though it was meant to be a free state under the Missouri Compromise. Thus, this led Northern Democrats into more frustration and increase the slavery conflict.

Question 33

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** What occured during "Bleeding Kansas?

Answer 33

Antislavey farmers didn't welcome the proslavery farmers that migrated into Kansas. Furthermore, through the New England Emigrant Aid Company, transportation of antislavery settlers into Kansas was being funded. Fighting broke out. Proslavery forces attacked a free-soil town. A couple days later, John Brown, an abolitionist retaliated and killed many people in return.

Question 34

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** How did the "Bleeding Kansas" violence lead to the Sumner-Brooks incident?

Answer 34

Charles Sumner had attacked the Democratic administrations and included personal charges against South Carolina senator Andrew Butler. Preston Brooks, in defence of Butler (his uncle), beated Sumner in the head repeatedly. This outraged the North but appealed the South.

Question 35

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** What did division within political parties lead to?

Answer 35

The emergence of two new parties: the Know-Nothing Party and the Republican Party. While the Know-Nothing Party soon declined, the Republican Party (strictly a Northern Party) was founded in Wisconsin as a reaction to the Kansas Nebraska Act. This party was composed of free-soilers and antislavert Whigs & Democrats. their purpose was to oppose the spread of slavery.

Question 36

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** Who were the candidates in the Election of 1856? Who won?

Answer 36

The Republicans nominated John C. Fremont, the Know-Nothing Party nominated Millard Fillmore, and Democrats nominated James Buchanan. James Buchannan won presidency.

Question 37

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** What was the importance of the Dred Scott v. Sandford case (1857)?

Answer 37

Dred Scott was a slave in Missouri but moved to Wisconsin with his master. Once his master died, he lived in Wisconsin as a free man for two years before being sent back to Missouri as a slave. Scott found that unfair and wanted to sue. However, the Court (Roger Taney was chief justice) ruled that he had no right to sue since he wasnt, as a slave, seen as a U.S. citizen, that he was property so he could not be taken away from the farmers, and that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. This ruling delighted Southern Democrats and infurated Northern Republicans. This led to the court declaring all parts pf the Western territories open to slavery.

Question 38

# **5.6 Failure of Compromise** How did Lincoln-Douglas Debates lead to the Freeport Doctrine?

Answer 38

Election campaigns for Illnios senator was between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas. Douglas, suporter of the Dred Scott v Sandford court ruling, was much more popular than Lincoln, a republican who was against the expansion of slavery. A series of debates took place between the two during this campaign and one that took place in Freeport, Illinios challenged Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decsion. This Freeport Doctrine said that slavery could not exist in a state unless they placed slave codes/laws that maintained it. Many Southern Democrats were consequently angry with Douglas and he eventually lost support from his own party.

Question 39

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** What effect did John Brown's raid have on the South?

Answer 39

When John Brown became convicted and was hanged for starting an uprsising with enslaved people against the Southerners, this had divided the Northerners: moderates who condemened the use of violence and abolitionists who praised Brown and his actions. Furthermore, Southerns were in full belief that the North wanted to use slave revolts to destroy the South.

Question 40

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** What were the things that resulted from the Election of 1860?

Answer 40

1. The breakup of the Democratic Party occured 2. Republicans called for the exclusion of slavery, a protective tarrif, free land for homesteaders, internal improvements 3. Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln as a candidate 4. New party, Constiutional Union Party, nominated John Bell as a candidate 5. Lincoln's victory brought even more fear to the South that the North would dominate the government and threaten slavery

Question 41

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** Who and why did secession happen?

Answer 41

South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded from the Union. They believed the only way to protect the continued practice of slavery was to secede. These states met in 1861 and created the Confederate States of America.

Question 42

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** What was the Crittenden Compromise?

Answer 42

An attempt by Congress to prevent the Deep South from seceding from the union that was created during Buchanan's presidency before Lincoln's. Was not accepted by Lincoln.

Question 43

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** How did the Civil War begin?

Answer 43

Presiden Lincoln decided to send food provisions to stationary troops in Fort Sumter, federal forts controlled by the South. The South opened fired shots and united most Northerners in this patriotic fight to save the Union.

Question 44

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** Who else seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy before the Civil War?

Answer 44

The Upper South: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas.

Question 45

# **5.7 Election of 1860 and Secession** Which slavholding states joined the Union? Why?

Answer 45

Deleware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky. Because of pro-Union sentiment and shrewd federal policies.

Question 46

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** What were military, economic, and political differences between the Union and the Confederacy?

Answer 46

*Military*: the Confederacy had the intital advantage; however, the Union had a greater population that the Union could count on. *Economic*: Union controlled most of the nation's economy so confederates, who were disadvnataged, had to depend on outside help. *Political:* Union had a strong central gov and strong public support over the Confederacy

Question 47

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** What were some characteristics of the Confederacy?

Answer 47

* Couldn't impose a protective tarriff * Funds couldn't go towards internal improvements * Prohibited foreign slave trade * Short of money

Question 48

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** What were the 3 parts to the Union Strategy?

Answer 48

1. Block Southern ports to cut off essential products 2. Take control of Mississippi River 3. Raise a strong army to conquer Richmond

Question 49

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** Who won both the First and Second Battles of Bull Run?

Answer 49

Confederates

Question 50

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** What was the significance of the war that took place at Antietman?

Answer 50

* It was the bloddiest single day of combat in the entire war * It was a draw * Confederates lost the opportunity to get recognition and help from European countries * Union started to believe that they could get a victory

Question 51

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** What were the Union triumphs between 1863-1865?

Answer 51

* Victory at Vicksburg allowed them to have complete control of the Mississippi River * A crucial and bloody victory at Gettysburg forced Confederacy retreat * Sherman's March destroyed everything in its path from Tenessse all the way to South Carolina to break apart the Confederates spirit * General Grant was seen as a Civil War hero

Question 52

# **5.8 Military Conflict in the Civil War** How was the end of the war officialized?

Answer 52

Rober E. Lee and Confederacy surrender at Appomattox Court House, Virgina once Virginia is finally taken over

Question 53

# **5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War** What were Confiscation Acts?

Answer 53

Many slaves escaped to join the Union military during the Civil War. The first law/act gave the Union the power to take the enemy's property. The second law/act freed Black people who were enslaved by any person in rebellion against the US.

Question 54

# **5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War** What was the Emancipation Proclamation and were the consequences of it?

Answer 54

Declared all slaves free and issued the Executive Government of the United States to maintain and recognize their freedom. This only applied to the Confederate states outside of Union control, aka 1% of enslaved people.

Question 55

# **5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War** What was an example of the all-Black units who served the Union military?

Answer 55

The Massachussetts 54th Regiment

Question 56

# **5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War** What were some political changes that occured after the Civil War?

Answer 56

* Without a right to habeas corpus, many people were arrested and held w/out a trial; however this was later suspended * Laborers working for the military feared that their jobs after the war would be taken away by the free slaves * Election of 1864: Lincoln beats McClellan * Political dominance in the North * Arguments of nullification and secession receded | Habeas Corpus: a person under arrest is required to be brough to Court

Question 57

# **5.9 Government Policies During the Civil War** What were some economic changes that occured after the Civil War?

Answer 57

* Financing the War through greenbacks led to inflation. Congress created a National Bank system in 1863 as a solution * The war had sped up the North's manufacturing system mainly through the demand for military supplies * Republicans passed Whig program which helped stimulate the industrial and commercial growth of the United States * Ex (1861-1862): Morrill Tarrif Act, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant Act, Pacific Railway Act * The War destroyed slavery and devastated the Southern economy

Question 58

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What were postwar conditions that led to the need for Reconstruction?

Answer 58

* Freed blacks had no money, no land, and no education and continued hoping for equal rights and true freedom * The South were devastated by the war and chronic food shortages made the South suspectible to epidemic diseases * North believed that it was up to the South to fix their issues while they focused on political issues

Question 59

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What were Lincoln's policies for his reconstruction plan?

Answer 59

* Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (1863): At least 10% of the voters in an Confederate state had to take an oath of alliegance to the Union & U.S. constiution and accept the emancipation of slaves * Wade-Davis Bill (1864) was passed to change it from 10% to 50% - bill was vetoed * Freedmen's Bureau: a welfare agency for both Black and White Americans who were in a struggle after the war; its greatest success was in education

Question 60

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What were Johnson's policies in his reconstruction plan?

Answer 60

* In addition to Lincoln's policies, it provided for the disenfranchisement of all former leaders of the Confederacy and those who had more than $20,000 in taxable property * Granted individual pardons to disloyal Southerners * Vetoed 29 bill in his term alone!!

Question 61

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What were the Radical Republican's involvment in Congressional Reconstruction?

Answer 61

* Leading Radical Republican in the Senate is Charles Sumner * Innitially struggled to extend equal rights to all Americans * 13th Amendment: slavery and involuntary servitude shall not exist * Civil Rights Act of 1866: pronounced all African Americans as US citizens and provided a shield to the Southern States' Black codes * 14th Amendment: declared all persons born in the US to be US citizens and obligated states AND federal government to respect and protect this right * Election of 1866: president Andrew Johnson won * Reconstruction Acts of 1867: divided Confederacy into 5 military districts and also added requirements for ex union state to reenter the Union

Question 62

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What led to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

Answer 62

* Johnson challened the constiutionality of the Tenure of Office Act * This act prohibited the president from removing a federal official or military commander w/out Senate approval * He was impeached and charges with 11 high crimes and misdemeanor as a result

Question 63

# **5.10 Reconstruction** Who won the Election of 1868?

Answer 63

General Ulysses S. Grant

Question 64

# **5.10 Reconstruction** 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

Answer 64

* 13th Amendment: slavery and involuntary servitude shall not exist * 14th Amendment: declared all persons born in the US to be US citizens and obligated states AND federal government to respect and protect this right * 15th Amendment: prohibited any state from denying a citizen's right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Question 65

# **5.10 Reconstruction** What was the Civil Rights Act of 1875?

Answer 65

Guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited courts from excluding African Americans from juries. It was poorly enforced.

Question 66

# **5.10 Reconstruction** How was the South during Reconstruction?

Answer 66

* Some southern whites supported the Republican gov were interested in economic development for their states * Freed African Americans were elected into the Senate & House of Representatives

Question 67

# **5.10 Reconstruction** How did African Americans adjust to freedom?

Answer 67

* Many independent African American churches were created after ther war * Independent school for children and teachers were established * Freedpeople migrated to frontier states and established black communities there

Question 68

# **5.10 Reconstruction** How was the North during Reconstruction?

Answer 68

* Patronage: giving jobs and government favors (spoils) to their supporters * Corrupt schemes were devised by business and political bosses to enrich themselves at the public's expense * Liberal Republicans arose: reform-minded * The Election of 1872: Grant was reelected * Panic of 1873: overspeculation and overbuilding by industry and railroad led to widespread business failures and depression

Question 69

# **5.10 Reconstruction** How were the roles of women changed?

Answer 69

* Responsibilities undertaken by women in the war boostes a demand for equal voting rights for women * This right wasn't achieved until the World War I

Question 70

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What were the accomplishments of the Republicans in Reconstruction?

Answer 70

* Liberlized state constitutions in the South provided universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, & modern penal codes * Promoted the buildings of railroads, roads, bridges, and other internal imporvements * Hospitals, asylums, and homes for disables were built * Public school systems were established

Question 71

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What were the failures of the Republicans in Reconstruction?

Answer 71

* Corruption occured throughout country as ethics in gov during the postwar era was in decline

Question 72

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What was the Ku Klux Klan?

Answer 72

* Founded by Nathaniel Bedford Forrest * Secret societies that intimidated African Americans and White reformers * Force Acts was passed to give federal authorities the power to stop Ku Klux Klan

Question 73

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What were Black Codes?

Answer 73

* Restricted rights and movements of African Americans * Could not rent land or borrow money to buy land * Could not testidy against Whites in court * Had to sign work agreements

Question 74

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What was sharecropping?

Answer 74

The landlord provided the seed and needed farm supplies in return for a share of the harvest

Question 75

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What was the Amnesty Act of 1872?

Answer 75

Removed the last restrictions on ex-Confederates that allowed Southern conservatives to vote for Democrats and retake control of state govs

Question 76

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** Who won the Election of 1876?

Answer 76

Rutherford B. Hayes

Question 77

# **5.11 Failure Of Reconstruction** What was the Compromise of 1877?

Answer 77

Democrats would allow Hayes to be president under two conditions: 1. immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the South 2. support the building of a Southern transcontinental railroad