Unit 6 1865 - 1898 Flashcards
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
Describe the development and consequences of the first transcontinental railroad
- Goverrment provided land grants and loans for this railraod to be built
- Railroads concided with the settlement of western frontiers
- Union Pacific and Central Pacific were tasked to make this railraod
- Consequences
- Business was not flowing
- Environment was damaged
- Disturbance of American Indians
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What was the Great American Desert?
- The Great Plains, the Rocky Mountains, and the Western Plateau
- Pioneers passed through this region to the western frontier
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What was the Mining Frontier like during the mid-late 1800s?
- Placer mining used to search for gold in mountain steams
- Mining companies developed
- Gold and Silver stikes maintained a good flow of incoming prospectors
- Mining towns that endured and grew evolved into industrial-like cities
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What was the Cattle Frontier like during the mid-late 1800s?
- Railraods opened up eastern markets for Texas cattle via stockyards
- Overgrazing, winter blizzards, and droughts had closed down the cattle frontier
- However, new breeds of cattle were developed that counteracted previous consequence
- Eating habits changed from pork to beef because of cattle
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What was the Farming Frontier like during the mid-late 1800s?
- Homestead Act encouraged immigrants and native born to farm
- Many environmental & economic problems -> failure of 2/3 of homesteaders
- Families adopted different farming techniques to get most moisture
- Govt also assisted
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What were the things that led to the development of farmer’s alliances?
- Cash crops were grown for national and international markets
- Large farms were run like factories b/c of the development of farming equipment
- Deflation and rising costs made it difficult for farmers to pay off old debts
- Taxes were seen unfair as they only benefited industrialists
6.2 Westward Expansion: Economic Development
What was the effect of the farmer’s alliance(s)?
- Grange Movement: established cooperatives (businesses run by farmers) and promoted social and economic needs for farmers
- Establishment of the Ocala Platform
- Munn v. Illinois: right of a state to regulate business of public nature
6.3 Westward Expansion: Social & Cultural Development
Who was Fredrick Turner and what was his thesis?
- Turner: American historian
- Published his essay - “The Significance of the Frontier in American History
- Thesis: argues that the frontier and manifest destiny has shaped American culture, individualism, and democracy… where do we go from here?
6.3 Westward Expansion: Social & Cultural Development
What was the relationship with the White Americans and American Indians in the West?
- Reservation policy in the West was not promised for the Indians
- Railroad and settlement plans played a role in further westward expansion
- Indian wars followed; Americans were always victorious
6.3 Westward Expansion: Social & Cultural Development
What was the Ghost Town Movement?
Last effort to resist U.S. governments controls; leaders believed this movement could return prosperity to American Indians.
6.3 Westward Expansion: Social & Cultural Development
What was the Dawes Severalty Act (1887)?
- Designed to break up tribal organizations
- Forced Indians to asimilate into American Culture and U.S citizenship would be granted to them in return
- Indians opposed this
- This opposition led to the govt sending Indian children to boarding school that forced American assimilation on them
- This assimilation eventually failed, however, Indian population reduced significantly!
6.4 The “New South”
How did Henry Grady influence the growth of Southern industry?
- Spread the gospel of the New South: growth of cities, textile industry, and integration into national rail network
- Argued for economic diversity
- Argued for laissez-faire capitalism
- Steel, lumber, & tobacco indistry grew
- However, there were still some Southerners who were drenched in poverty
6.4 The “New South”
What is the difference between tenant farmers and sharecroppers?
No difference! Tenant farmers & Sharecroppers were farmers who worked on rented land and payed rent price in cash or crops
6.4 The “New South”
Who was George Washington Carver?
African American scientist who promoted the growing of peanuts, soybeans, and sweet potatoes that shifted southern agriculture
6.4 The “New South”
What were some things that led to Segregation in the South?
- North withdrawing protection of African Americans by leaving South to deal with their issues
- Powerful Democratic politicans won support from the business community and White Supremacists
- Belief that politicains can exert politcal power by playing on racial fears of Whites
6.4 The “New South”
What are some effects of Segragation in the South?
- Civil Rights Cases of 1883: Congress could not ban racial discrimination by private citizens & businesses
- Plessy v. Furgeson: segregation became a part of culture AND a part of the law
- Jim Crow Laws implemented
- Loss of Civil Rights -> Disenfranchisement of Black voters via literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clauses, etc…
- Lynching & Economic discrimination
6.4 The “New South”
How was Segregation responded to?
- Ida B. Wells: her printing press campaigned against lynching and Jim Crow Laws
- International Migration Society developed
- Booker T. Washington: supported Atlanta Compromise: belived that AAs should focus on working hard rather than challenging segragation
- W.E.B Du Bois: critisized Washington; demanded an end to segragation & equal civil rights
6.5 Technological Innovation
What were the four most important inventions that developed during this time?
- Telegraph
- Transatlantic cable: message sending
- Telephone: communication
- Kodak Camera: pictures
6.5 Technological Innovation
What was an advancement that impacted the Steel Industry?
The Bessmer Process: launched the rise of large quantity production of steel
6.5 Technological Innovation
Who was Thomas Edison and what was his contributions to Technological Innovation?
- Edison: greatest inventor in 19th century; telagraph operator
- Established the world’s first modern research laboratory in Menlo Park
- Generated electric power/light: electrical lightbulb - revolutionized life
6.5 Technological Innovation
Who was George Westinghouse?
Famous inventor that made possible the lighting of cities, electric streetcars, subways, electric powered machinery/appliances
6.5 Technological Innovation
How did technology correlate with the Growth of Cities?
- Changes in transportation: replacement of horse-drawn cars to subways and eletric railroads
- Skyscrapers: first one in Chicago, led to developement of elevators
6.5 Technological Innovation
How did technology correlate with marketing consumer goods?
- Merchandise was sold in public
- Large department stores were developed
- Mailing systems were devloped
- Packaging of foods and canning became more common
6.6 The Rise of Industrial Capitalism
What was the impact of the business of railroads?
- Nation’s first big business
- Promoted growth of other industries, especially coal and steel
- 4 time zones were developed
- IMPORTANT: Creation of modern stockholder corporation
