unit 5 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
what is cancer
A
cell that replicates and spreads uncontrollably
2
Q
neoplasia
A
abnormal cell growth
3
Q
neoplasm
A
describes the growth
(neoplastic drugs)
4
Q
tumor
A
abnormal collection of cells
(not always neoplasm)
5
Q
begging tumor
A
non-cancerous cells
6
Q
cancer diagnostics
A
CBC, CMP, coagulation, sputum, stool
CT, MRI, PET, ultrasound, x-ray, endoscopy
biopsy
7
Q
primary prevention for cancer
A
diet
lifestyle
immunizations
well checks
sun safety
exercise
8
Q
secondary prevention for cancer
A
CAUTION
Changes in bowels
A sore lesion no healing
Unusual bleeding
Thickening/lump
Indigestion
Obvious change in mole
Nagging cough/voice change
9
Q
age range for mammogram
A
45-54yr
every 2yr
10
Q
age range for pap smear
A
21+
every 3yr
11
Q
age range for colonoscopy
A
50+
every 10yr
12
Q
age range for prostate
A
40+
13
Q
what is TNM classification
A
based on tumor, lymph nodes, and metastasis
stage 1-4
(peds stage 4 = cure)
(adults stage 4 = palliative care)
14
Q
tumor grading: grade 1
A
low grade
well defined
mostly normal cells
15
Q
tumor grading: grade 2
A
intermediate grade
moderately defined
some abnormal cells
16
Q
tumor grading: grade 3
A
high grade
poorly defined
most abnormal cells
17
Q
tumor grading: grade 4
A
highest grade
undefined
all abnormal/aplastic
18
Q
goals for cancer
A
palliative care
treatment
cure
prevention
reconstruction
19
Q
myelosuppression
A
low blood cell counts
fever
20
Q
cancer treatment
A
surgical
radiation
brachytherapy
chemo
21
Q
radiation
A
outside the body
toxic to patient and anyone in contact
limit time and distance
22
Q
brachytherapy
A
inside the body (seeds/capsules)
endometrial & cervical cancer
private room
cluster care, 30min/shift
no pregnancy, no under 18
23
Q
chemo
A
drugs that work on cellular level
shrink as much of the tumor as it can
24
Q
anemia types
A
iron deficiency
vit B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia)
aplastic anemia
sickle cell
25
anemia
decr in RBC (decr in H&H)
low energy, chest pain, SOB
CBC, vut B12, rion
treat cause
26
iron deficiency
diet
bleeding
27
vit B12 deficiency
pernicious anemia
decr folic acid, vegan
28
aplastic anemia
bone marrow impairment, decr RBC
29
hemolytic anemia
diseased RBC=hemolysis
incr bilirubin= jaundice, splenomegaly
cause: autoimmune, viral, drugs
treat the problem
30
sickle cells
RBC shape mutation
affect oxygenation
cause obstruction: heart attack, stroke. PE
31
SSC
sickle cell crisis
illness, temp, fever, dehydration, stress
rest, hydroxyurea, fluids, supplements
32
polycythemia
over production of RBC (diseased, die quickly) (>55% M, >50% F)
itching (alfa),clots (anticoagulants/ hydroxyurea), gout (allopurinol)
aphaeresis- remove excess RBC, and replaced with NS
33
complete white count
neutrophils
basophils
eosinophils
leukocytes
monocytes
34
neutrophiles
fight infection
1500-8000
segs and bands
left shift: sets
35
basophils
allergic reactions
natural heparin/histamine
36
eosinophils
parasitic infection
37
lymphocytes
T cells- fight infection
B cell- creates antibodies
38
monocytes
macrophage
eat bacteria
39
WBC count
<3000 (low)
>40000 (high)
40
neutropenia
low neutrophil count
fever= emergency
normal (1500-8000)
moderate (500-1499)
severe (<500)
41
lymphoma
inflammation of lymph
Hodgkins: one spot; curable
non Hodgkins: spread out; hard to cure
multiple myeloma: cancer bone marrow
(stem cell transplant, antineoplastic, biologic, radiation)
42
normal platelet
150000-400000
43
types of thrombocytopenia
plt <50000 (incr coag, bleeding/brusing)
HIT
ITP
TTP
DIC (leukemia)
44
HIT
heparin induced
heparin causes blood cell rejection
50% decr
stop heparin
45
ITP
idiopathic (autoimmune)
bodys antibodies attack/destroy plt
steroids (suppress immune system)
46
TTP
thrombotic purpura
creates clots/depletes pit
plasmapheresis, splenectomy
47
DIC (leukemia)
sepsis
clots
systemic
48
transfusion
beliefs
autologous transfusion (and cell savers)
monitor for 15 min
mild: anxiety, facial flushing
severe: anxiety, decr BP, fever, chills, chest pain
hemolytic: anaphylaxis, chest pain, lower back pain
49
hematopoesis
production/ replacement of RBC in red bone marrow
50
where do blood cells come from
production occurs in the bone marrow
they start the same, then change to what the body needs
51
hematological accessory organs
liver (vit k, iron, b12)
spleen (recycles RBC)
kidney (erythropoietin, RBC production)
52
hematologic disorders
low - no production
over production
destruction
hemorrhage
53
what impacts immune function
medications
life choices
occupation
toxins
54
immunity
protection from illness
skin
mucus membranes
lymphocytes
55
inflammation
response to injury, allergy, pathogen
WBC
56
immunocompetence
max protection
57
immunocompromised
venerable to harm
58
primary immune disorders
genetics
born with
59
secondary immune disorders
acquired
infection, chronic illness, radiation
60
inflammation specifics
immediate response
protective/immunity
invasion, allergy, injury
severe= anaphylaxis
(soft squishy, not a lot of pain)
61
infection specifics
after inflammation
left shift
pathogen
build immunity
severe= sepsis/shock
(hard, mass, painful, drainage)
62
signs of infection
redness
edema
pain
decr function
fever
63
HIV
retrovirus
targets CD4 lymphocytes
(normal 500-1000cells)
(<500= complications)
(<200 = AIDs)
64
HIV stage 1
flu symptoms
incr viral load
CD4 slightly decr
65
HIV stage 2
asymptomatic
loss of immune protection
CD4 200-499
66
HIV stage 3
immunocompromised
secondary infections
CD4 <200
67
HIV treatment
antiretroviral (2 drug therapy)
CD4 checks every 2-6mo
goal is undetectable viral load
all pregnant women be tested
68
weakened pelvic floor
internal or external
-cystocele
-rectocele
-vaginal
from hysterectomy
69
weakened pelvic floor treatment
kegel exercise
surgical
transvagial repair
Colporrhapy
- cystocele- anterior (uterus)
-recotcele- posterior (rectum
70
hysterectomy
uterine removal
partial: uterus
total: uterus, and cervix
radical: uterus, cervix, vagina, fallopian tube
71
BPH
prostate enlargement- constriction of urethra- impaired urine flow
-urinary frequency, incontinence, obstruction
-BUN/creatinine, UA/cx
72
BPH treatment
-saw palmetto, antihistamine, decongestant
-5 alpha reductase inhibitor
(inhibit testosterone, decr enlargement)
-alpha blocking agent
(relax bladder, decr pressure, incr urine flow)
-ablation
-TURP
(scope and remove excess tissue)
73
erectile dysfuction
organic or functional
PDE-5 inhibitor
-1hr before intercourse
-no alcohol
74
urinary incontinence
involuntary loss of urine
temporary or permanent
75
stress incontinence
leakage from pressure
(exercise, surgery, go with urge)
76
urge incontinence
abrupt strong urge to go
(bladder training, meds, exercise, diet)
77
overflow incontinence
no urge to void/obstruction/blockage
(antispasmodic, cholinergic)
78
functional incontinence
loss with function
(easy access, prompted toileting, assist)
79
rheumatoid disorders
chronic
inflammatory process
attacks the body
state of remission/suppress inflammation
80
rheumatoid labs
ESR (inflammatory response)
CRP (inflammation)
RF (suggests RA)
ACP (RA specific antibody)
US/synovial fluid aspirate
bone changes
organ damage
81
rheumatoid arthritis
enzyme breaks down joints (bone on bone)
early (morning stiffness, starts in hands)
advanced (fever, weight loss, nodules, carditis)
82
rheumatoid arthritis labs
ANA +
ESR +
CRP +
ACP +
83
DMARDs
antineoplastic (1st line)
biologic (no live vaccine)
antimalarial (eye exam q6mo)
NSAIDs (incr bleeding, gi issues)
glucocorticoids (long term-issues)
84
systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE)
looks like RA
over time or sudden onset
photosensitivity, butterfly rash
dx=skin biopsy
NSAIDs, steroids, hydroxychloroquine
85
SLE labs
inflammatory labs +
pancytopenia
86
systemic sclerosis scleroderma
skin stiffens & doesn't move
vascular injury/damage
autoimmune
deadly for adults
87
fibromyalgia syndrome
chronic pain from insomnia
burning pain, fatigue, sleep
- exercise, sleep, energy conservation
88
macular degeneration
macula damage
from: HTN, retinal hemorrhage
dx; eye exam
tx: laser therapy, ocular injections
89
cataract
clouding of the eye lens (slowly)
impairs vision acuity & color
tx: lens replacement
90
low vision
difficulty seeing with glasses
dx:medicine/surgery
91
dey eye
poor tear production- blurred vision
92
glaucoma
incr IOP- optic nerve damage
from: blockage, slow drainage
tx: eye drops
93
diabetic retinopathy
damaged retina- blood vessels
94
retinal detachment
separation of retina
95
hearing loss
obstruction of sound waves
blockage/narrowing/perforated TM
corrected/reversed
96
sensorineural
defect (cochlea, nerve, brain)
noise damage, ototoxicity, infection
97
Menderes/tinnitus
unilateral hearing loss/vertigo
immune response/allergy
repeated lesson
normal TM, speak loud, hears poor in loud environment
98
