unit 5 & 6 Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
Maturing spermatozoa are stored primarily in the
seminiferous tubules.
straight tubules.
lobules.
interstitial areas.
epididymis.
A
epididymis
2
Q
The phase of the uterine cycle that begins in the days following the completion of menses as the surviving epithelial cells multiply and spread across the surface of the endometrium is the ________ phase.
pre-ovulatory
secretory
proliferative
puerperal
meiosis
A
proliferative
3
Q
The vestibule is
a central space surrounded by the labia minora.
the inner lining of the uterus.
the inferior portion of the uterus.
a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.
a tube that carries ova from the ovary to the uterus.
A
a central space surrounded by the labia minora.
4
Q
The small, paired glands at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the
seminal vesicles.
prostate glands.
preputial glands.
Bartholin’s glands.
bulbourethral glands.
A
bulbourethral glands.
5
Q
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum, which prepares the uterus for pregnancy, is
A
progesterone
6
Q
The portion of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
prepuce.
glans.
corpus spongiosum.
corpora cavernosa.
corona radiata.
A
corpus spongiosum
7
Q
Generally, the actions of hormones
tend to be less widespread than actions of the nervous system.
can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.
are faster to react than the nervous system.
are shorter-lasting than the actions of the nervous system.
do not affect homeostasis.
A
can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.
8
Q
Hormone-producing cells of the testes produce
A
testosterone
9
Q
increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ions in the blood
A
calcitonin
10
Q
Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
growth hormone (GH)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
11
Q
As secondary follicles develop, FSH levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of which hormone?
LH
progesterone
GnRH
inhibin
estrogen
A
inhibin
12
Q
The hormone that dominates during the Alarm Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is
testosterone.
aldosterone.
cortisol.
thyroid hormone.
epinephrine.
A
epinephrine
13
Q
The interstitial cells of the testes secrete which reproductive hormone(s)?
androgens
FSH
estrogens
GnRH
progestins
A
androgens
14
Q
The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way of
neural axons, directly.
direct mechanical control.
releasing and inhibiting hormones.
altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary.
gap junctions.
A
neural axons, directly
15
Q
Hormones from which of the following glands are responsible for the calorigenic effect?
pituitary gland
suprarenal gland
parathyroid gland
thyroid gland
thymus
A
thyroid gland
16
Q
oogenesis begins
by age 5.
at puberty.
by age 10.
at birth.
during embryonic development.
A
during embryonic development
17
Q
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are
GH and TSH.
FSH and LH.
ADH and ACTH.
PRL and OT.
ADH and OT.
A
FSH and LH
18
Q
A massive release, or surge, of ________ from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland triggers ovulation.
A
LH
19
Q
The nervous system
is ideal for crisis management.
communicates by the release of hormones.
has effects that are very long-lived.
is regulated mainly by positive feedback.
does not rely on the binding of receptors to target cells.
A
is ideal for crisis management
20
Q
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is
TSH.
ACTH.
FSH.
LH.
MSH.
A
ACTH
21
Q
The subsidence, known as detumescence in the male, is mediated by the ________.
central nervous system
central and sympathetic nervous systems
parasympathetic nervous system
central and parasympathetic nervous systems
sympathetic nervous system
A
sympathetic NS
22
Q
Menstruation
is the process of shedding of tissue until the entire functional zone has been lost.
cannot occur if uterine inflammation exists.
usually lasts eight to eleven days.
usually results in the loss of 500 - 750 ml of blood.
cannot continue if myometrial contractions occur.
A
is the process of shedding of tissue until the entire functional zone has been lost.
23
Q
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
decreased levels of insulin.
decreased numbers of insulin receptors.
failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.
increased numbers of ADH receptors.
increased levels of ADH.
A
failure of the kidneys to respond to ADH.
24
Q
Which statement is true regarding steroid hormones?
They are carbohydrates.
They cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
They do not bind to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.
They cannot change the nature or number of enzymes in the cytoplasm.
They can alter the rate of mRNA transcription.
A
they can alter the rate of mRNA transcription
25
The highest level of endocrine control is provided by the
thyroid gland.
pancreas.
suprarenal glands.
hypothalamus.
thymus.
hypothalamus
26
Melatonin is the hormone produced by the ________.
anterior pituitary
thyroid
pineal gland
thymus
posterior pituitary
pineal gland
27
The hormone that inhibits osteoblasts is
insulin.
glucagon.
growth hormone.
parathyroid hormone.
thyroid hormone.
parathyroid hormone
28
Which of the following could cause ineffective synthesis of calcitriol?
increased levels of thymosins
decreased availability of vitamin D3
increased levels of MSH
increased levels of gonadotropins
inability to produce sufficient amounts of erythropoietin
decreased availability of vitamin D3
29
The hormone that is released by the kidneys in response to low oxygen levels in kidney tissues is
angiotensin.
cortisol.
erythropoietin.
renin.
epinephrine.
erythropoietin
30
The ________ are finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tube.
internal os
isthmus
infundibulum
fimbriae
uterine glands
fimbriae
31
Parasympathetic innervation of the penile arteries involves neurons that release ________ at their synaptic terminals.
nitric oxide
dopamine
serotonin
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
nitric oxide
32
The endocrine system
releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream for distribution throughout the body.
is regulated mainly by positive feedback.
produces effects that last for seconds or minutes.
is not involved in homeostasis.
relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.
relies on the release of chemicals that bind to target cells.
33
Marissa has had her thyroid gland removed because of a malignant tumor. She takes synthetic thyroid hormone to replace the thyroxine that her thyroid gland would have produced, but she is worried about her blood calcium. Does she need to worry about this problem?
No, the synthetic thyroid hormone will also control the calcium.
No, as long as she still has functional parathyroid glands she will maintain proper levels of calcium.
No, hormones from the liver and kidneys will regulate calcium through the intestinal tract.
Yes, without the calcitonin, high blood levels of calcium will cause convulsions.
Yes, without the calcitonin she may suffer heart failure.
No, as long as she still has functional parathyroid glands she will maintain proper levels of calcium.
34
Regarding hormones and body temperature, which statement is true?
Body temperature does not fluctuate during the monthly hormonal fluctuations.
During the luteal phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.3C lower than it is during the follicular phase.
During the follicular phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.5C higher than it is during the luteal phase.
During the follicular phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.3C lower than it is during the luteal phase.
During the luteal phase, when progesterone is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.8C higher than it is during the follicular phase.
During the follicular phase, when estrogen is the dominant hormone, the resting body temperature is 0.3C lower than it is during the luteal phase.
35
Interstitial cells produce
testosterone
36
Which uterine layer consists of a superficial functional zone and a deeper basilar zone?
endometrium
cervix
myometrium
internal os
perimetrium
endometrium
37
ncreased sodium ion concentrations in the body can be caused by which adrenal hormone?
cortisol
erythropoietin
thymosin
aldosterone
renin
aldosterone
38
During the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle,
ovulation occurs.
a new functional layer is formed in the vagina.
uterine glands enlarge.
the old functional layer of the endometrium is sloughed off.
the corpus albicans releases hormones.
uterine glands enlarge
39
Emission
occurs under parasympathetic stimulation.
begins with peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens.
is responsible for propelling spermatozoa into the female reproductive tract.
involves contractions of the cremaster muscle.
is associated with orgasm.
begins with peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens.
40
The proliferative phase of the uterine cycle continues until rising ________ levels mark the arrival of the secretory phase.
GnRH
FSH
LH
estrogen
progesterone
progesterone
41
The hormone oxytocin
reduces uterine contractions.
is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex.
regulates blood pressure.
governs the ovarian cycle.
stimulates melanocytes in the skin
is involved in the milk "letdown" reflex.
42
Which hormone's secretion promotes the loss of sodium ions and water by the kidneys and inhibits renin release?
erythropoietin
aldosterone
thymosin
atrial natriuretic peptide
glucagon
atrial natriuretic peptide
43
The fact that epinephrine has no apparent effect on energy consumption unless thyroid hormones are present in normal concentrations is an example of a(n)
antagonistic effect.
synergistic effect.
permissive effect.
opposing effect.
integrative effect.
permissive effect
44
Thyroid hormone insufficiency in infancy results in which of the following?
Addison's disease
goiter
Cushing disease
acromegaly
cretinism
cretinism
45
The hormone secreted by the pancreatic alpha cells would result in ________.
decreased breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver and skeletal muscles
increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissues
increased rate of glucose utilization
increased rate of ATP generation
increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver
increased synthesis and release of glucose by the liver
46
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is
TSH.
ACTH.
MSH.
LH.
GH.
GH
47
The alpha cells of the pancreas produce
insulin.
glucagon.
rennin.
ADH.
parathyroid hormone.
glucagon
48
Cyclic AMP often causes activation of
calcium ion channels.
myosin kinase.
phosphodiesterase.
kinase enzymes.
steroids.
kinase enzymes
49
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
oxytocin (OT).
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
oxytocin
50
The zone of the adrenal cortex closest to the capsule is the
zona reticularis.
follicular zone.
zona fasciculata.
interstitial zone.
zona glomerulosa.
zona glomerulosa.
51
To become active, motile, and fully functional, sperm cells must undergo the process of ________.
emission
capacitation
mitosis
meiosis I
fertilization
capacitation
52
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids causes
Cushing disease.
cretinism.
acromegaly.
goiter.
Addison's disease.
Cushing disease.
53
One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla is
insulin.
aldosterone.
cortisol.
androgen.
epinephrine.
epinephrine
54
Undifferentiated spermatogenic stem cells are called
spermatogonia.
spermatids.
primary spermatocytes.
secondary spermatocytes.
sperm.
spermatogonia
55
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, LH levels remain elevated for ________, long enough to stimulate the formation of a functional corpus luteum.
5 days
24 hours
7 days
2 days
6 hours
2 days?
56
The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled by
thyroid hormone.
TSH.
the hypothalamus.
blood calcium ion levels.
cellular oxygen consumption.
blood calcium lvls
57
Hormones from the ________, which travel in the hypophyseal portal vessels, alter the activity of the anterior pituitary.
brain stem
hypothalamus
cerebellum
thyroid
thalamus
hypothalamus
58
Which hormone(s) play(s) a key role in the development and maintenance of normal immune defenses?
gonadotropins
estrogens
androgens
leptin
thymosins
thymosins
59
The tubular gland that produces a secretion that contains fructose, is slightly alkaline, and contributes about 60 percent to the volume of the semen is the
prostate gland.
bulbourethral gland.
corpus cavernosum.
seminal vesicle.
preputial gland.
seminal vesicle
60
Which endocrine gland stores its hormone in follicle cavities?
anterior pituitary
pancreas
thymus
thyroid
posterior pituitary
thyroid
61
________ is characterized by failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum by the time of birth.
Impotence
Cryptorchidism
Sterility
Incontinence
Erectile dysfunction
cryptochidism
62
Spermatogenesis begins
at puberty.
during embryogenesis.
at birth.
at age 3.
at age 7.
at puberty
63
During female sexual arousal, the ________, which resemble the male bulbo-urethral glands, discharge their secretions near the vaginal entrance.
Cowper glands
greater vestibular glands
lactiferous glands
lesser vestibular glands
lactiferous sinuses
greater vestibular glands
64
In the mammary glands, 15 to 30 of these expanded chambers open onto the surface of each nipple.
lobes
lobules
lactiferous ducts
lactiferous sinuses
suspensory ligaments
lactiferous ducts
65
Which anterior pituitary lobe hormone targets the interstitial cells of the testes?
FSH
testosterone
progesterone
GnRH
LH
LH
66
Preparation of the uterus for implantation results from stimulation by
growth hormone.
thyroid hormone.
testosterone.
mineralocorticoids.
progesterone.
progesterone
67
The largest division of the uterus is the ________.
vagina
body
isthmus
cervix
internal os
body
68
The ovary does not release a mature gamete. Instead, a ________ is released.
oocyte
oogonia
primary oocyte
secondary oocyte
zygote
secondary oocyte
69
Thyroid hormones are derived from the amino acid
lysine.
leucine.
glycine.
tyrosine.
thyronine.
tyrosine
70
Capacitation
is stimulated by a substance secreted by the epididymis.
immobilizes sperm.
is responsible for the physical maturation of sperm.
occurs only within the male reproductive tract.
occurs after spermatozoa mix with secretions of the seminal glands.
is responsible for the physical maturation of sperm
71
The physical maturation of sperm is called ________.
meiosis I
oogenesis
spermatogonia mitosis
spermiogenesis
tetrad formation
spermiogenesis
72
The most commonly prescribed oral contraceptives use small amounts of estrogen, or only
synthetic androgens.
gonadotropins.
progesterone.
FSH and LH.
LH.
progesterone
73
Just prior to menses,
ovulation occurs.
a new uterine lining is formed.
secretory glands and blood vessels develop in the endometrium.
estrogen and progesterone levels drop.
the corpus luteum is formed.
estrogen and progesterone levels drop
74
Which of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative?
ADH
melatonin
oxytocin
growth hormone
prolactin
melatonin
75
The tubular structure of the uterus that projects a short distance into the vagina is called the
urethra.
ejaculatory duct.
cervix.
perimetrium.
isthmus.
cervix
76
in females, mammary glands are specialized organs of the ________ system that are controlled by hormones of the reproductive system.
endocrine
nervous
integumentary
muscular
skeletal
integumentary system
77
The hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is
parathyroid hormone.
thyroid hormone.
calcitonin.
glucagon.
oxytocin.
parathyroid hormone
78
Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by the
thyroid gland.
pancreas.
parathyroid glands.
hypothalamus.
anterior pituitary.
thyroid gland
79
When a protein or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell,
the hormone receptor complex moves into the cytoplasm.
the plasma membrane becomes depolarized.
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
the cell becomes inactive.
the hormone is transported to the nucleus, where it alters the activity of the DNA.
a second messenger appears in the cytoplasm.
80
The outer zone of the adrenal cortex produces
androgens.
glucocorticoids.
epinephrine.
mineralocorticoids.
steroids.
mineralocorticoids.
81
"Hot flashes" in menopause typically begin while levels of ________ are declining.
estrogen
GnRH
LH
FSH
progesterone
estrogen
82
The most important androgen is ________.
progesterone
GnRH
estrogen
prostaglandin
testosterone
testosterone
83
Hormones produced by the ________ are derived from molecules to which iodine atoms have been attached.
thymus
thyroid gland
pancreas
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
thyroid gland
84
What is the function of the gonads?
secrete fluids into the reproductive system ducts or other excretory ducts
connect the uterus with the exterior
receive and transport the gametes
produce the gametes and hormones
enclose and support a developing embryo
gametes and hormones
85
Both centrioles of the spermatid are found in the ________.
neck
head
tail
middle piece
acrosome
neck
86
Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true?
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
Liver cells respond to GH by releasing prostaglandins.
Skeletal muscle cells and chondrocytes are extremely insensitive to GH.
GH production is regulated by releasing and inhibiting hormones from the thyroid.
In epithelial tissues, GH inhibits stem cell division.
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
87
The female structure that is derived from the same embryonic structures as the penis in males is the
vagina.
clitoris.
vestibule.
labia minora.
labia majora.
clitoris
88
The process of emission is under the control of
the parasympathetic nervous system.
the sympathetic nervous system.
both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
the central nervous system.
the central and parasympathetic nervous systems.
sympathetic ns
89
The hormone responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics is
estrogen.
progesterone.
LH.
FSH.
gonadotropin.
estrogen
90
Peptide hormones are
composed of chains of amino acids.
released by the reproductive organs.
derived from arachidonic acid.
lipids.
chemically related to cholesterol.
chains of amino acids
91
Female orgasm is accompanied by peristaltic contractions of the uterine and vaginal walls and by rhythmic contractions of which of the following muscles?
internal oblique and erector spinae
ischiocavernosus and internal oblique
erector spinae and ischiocavernosus
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
bulbospongiosus and internal oblique
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
92
Male ejaculation occurs as powerful, rhythmic contractions appear in which of the following muscles?
erector spinae and ischiocavernosus
bulbospongiosus and internal oblique
internal oblique and erector spinae
ischiocavernosus and internal oblique
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus
93
Normal production of hormones from which gland establishes the background notes of cellular metabolism?
pineal
pancreas
thymus
thyroid
parathyroid
thyroid
94
Slender, tightly coiled tubules originate at the seminiferous tubules and form a maze of passageways called the
epididymis.
ductus deferens.
rete testis.
efferent ducts.
ejaculatory ducts.
rete testis.
95
The secretion of the seminal vesicles contains ________, which forms a temporary semen clot within the vagina after ejaculation.
fructose
prostaglandin
fibrinogen
seminalplasmin
fibrinogen
96
The time in which ovulation and menstruation cease is called ________.
oogenesis
menarche
andropause
menopause
climacteric
menopause
97
Steroid hormones
bind to receptors on the surface of the cell.
function by way of a second messenger system.
cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.
bind to intracellular receptors.
function by activating cAMP.
bind to intracell receptors
98
Contraction of the cremaster muscle
occurs when the testes are suddenly exposed to a cold environment.
produces an erection.
propels sperm through the urethra.
moves sperm through the ductus deferens.
moves the testes closer to the body cavity.
occurs when the testes are suddenly exposed to a cold environment.
99
Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?
growth hormone
cortisol
insulin
glucagon
erythropoietin
insulin
100
Cessation of the normal adult menstrual cycle for six months or more is termed
dysfunction.
amenorrhea.
menarche.
puberty.
dysmenorrhea.
amenorrhea
101
Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as
polyphagia.
polydipsia.
polyuria.
polymyositis.
diabetes mellitus.
polyuria
102
Which of the following hormones bind to membrane receptors and activate G-proteins?
peptide hormones
steroid hormones
prostaglandins
thyroid hormones
eicosanoids
peptide hormones
103
The shallow recess surrounding the cervical protrusion is known as the
isthmus.
fornix.
fundus.
body.
os.
fornix
104
The increase in FSH that occurs by day 5 of the ovarian cycle triggers
formation of a tertiary follicle.
menstruation.
ovulation.
menopause.
pregnancy.
formation of a tertiary follicle.
105
The first uterine cycle occurs with the ________.
menopause
oogenesis
climacteric
perimenopause
menarche
menarche
106
The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is
TSH.
ACTH.
FSH.
LH.
GH.
LH
107
Insulin causes
decreased rate of glucose transport into target cells.
decreased amino acid absorption.
conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids in adipose tissue.
increased blood glucose levels.
conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.
108
Sperm production occurs in the
ductus deferens.
seminiferous tubules.
epididymis.
seminal vesicles.
rete testis.
seminiferous tubules.
109
Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
thyroid
anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
suprarenal gland
hypothalamus
110
The anterior enlargement of erectile tissue in females is known as the
fornix.
vestibule.
hymen.
clitoris.
isthmus.
clitoris
111
Marissa is an avid marathon runner, and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. One would expect Marissa to
have heavy menstrual flows.
ovulate continuously.
be amenorrheic (have no monthly menstrual flow).
have painful menstrual cramps.
show elevated levels of FSH.
be amenorrheic (have no monthly menstrual flow).
112
Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the
infundibulum.
hypophyseal portal system.
hypothalamic axons.
hypophysis.
thymus.
hypophyseal portal system.
113
Unless fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum becomes scar tissue, which is known as the ________.
follicular wall
myometrium
zona pellucida
corona radiata
corpus albicans
corpus albicans
114
Menopause is accompanied by a decline in ________.
GnRH and estrogen
progesterone and FSH
FSH and LH
LH and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone
estrogen and progesterone
115
In the simplest case, endocrine activity may be controlled by changes in the extracellular fluid composition called ________ stimuli.
hormonal
cellular
neural
membrane
humoral
humoral
116
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released?
oxytocin
renin
ADH
FSH
calcitonin
FSH
117
Which of the following is(are) described as an adipose-containing, fleshy structure that encircles and partially conceals external genital structures?
mons pubis
vestibule
clitoris
labia minora
labia majora
labia majora
118
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the
thymus gland.
suprarenal gland.
anterior pituitary.
posterior pituitary.
testes.
anterior pituitary
119
all hormones are
steroids.
cholesterol based.
proteins.
inorganic compounds.
chemical messengers.
chemical messengers
120
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults?
MSH
TSH
ACTH
LH
PRL
MSH
121
The ejaculatory duct in males is produced by the junction of the ductus deferens with the ________.
seminiferous tubules
prostate gland duct
epididymis
acrosomal cap
seminal gland duct
seminal gland duct
122
The hormone responsible for initiating a male's sexual maturation and the appearance of secondary sex characteristics is
testosterone.
ICSH.
FSH.
LH.
gonadotropin.
testosterone
123
The organ that provides mechanical protection and nutritional support for the developing embryo is the
vagina.
uterine tube.
ovary.
uterus.
cervix.
uterus
124
Which of the following hormones is/are produced by both the testes and the ovaries?
inhibin
estrogens
progestins
androgens
testosterone
inhibin?
125
Aldosterone is the principal ________.
mineralocorticoid
thyroid hormone
glucocorticoid
pancreatic hormone
androgen
mineralocorticoid
126
Cells of the adrenal cortex produce
epinephrine.
ADH.
corticosteroids.
parathyroid hormone.
insulin.
corticosteroids
127
During the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome, which hormones are responsible for maintaining blood volume and the conservation of salts and water?
mineralocorticoids (with ADH)
epinephrine and norepinephrine
glucocorticoids
growth hormone (with PRL)
glucagon (with ADH)
mineralocorticoids (with ADH)
128
Which of the following are sex hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex?
androgens
prostaglandins
glucocorticoids
mineralocorticoids
aldosterones
androgens
129
In females, engorgement of the erectile tissues of the clitoris is due to ________.
parasympathetic inhibition
parasympathetic activation
central nervous system activation
emission
ejaculation
parasympathetic activation
130
Which of the following hormones enter a cell by diffusion?
steroid hormones
epinephrine and norepinephrine
amino acid derivatives
peptide hormones
oxytocin
steroid hormones
131
Pelvic inflammatory disease
cannot be caused by sexually transmitted pathogens.
does not result in fever.
can cause virility.
can possibly lead to otitis.
may result from invasion of the region by bacteria normally found within the vagina.
may result from invasion of the region by bacteria normally found within the vagina.
132
Seminalplasmin, an antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males, is present in fluid secretions from the ________.
seminal gland
prostate gland
bulbo-urethral glands
ductus deferens
seminiferous tubules
prostate gland
133
The pituitary hormone that stimulates spermatogenesis is
FSH.
LH.
ACTH.
ADH.
GH.
FSH
134
An important second messenger in hormonal action is
cAMP.
calcitriol.
insulin.
calcium.
glucagon.
cAMP
135
The female gonad is called a(n) ________.
vestibule
fallopian tube
vagina
clitoris
ovary
ovary
136
Peripheral structures sensitive to the presence of hormones are called ________.
exocrine cells
first messengers
target cells
second messengers
G-proteins
target cells
137
in adult males, the testes secrete ________.
estrogens
androgens
FH and GnRH
progesterone
LSH and FH
androgens
138
Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are called
permissive hormones.
synergistic hormones.
regulating hormones.
stimulating hormones.
releasing hormones.
releasing hormones
139
The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) ________.
pancreas
kidneys
adipose tissue
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
adipose tissue
140
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH.
diabetes mellitus
diabetes insipidus
pituitary dwarfism
exophthalmos
gigantism
diabetes insipidus
141
As in males, ________ from the hypothalamus regulates reproductive function in females; however, its levels change throughout the ovarian cycle.
LH
estrogen
FSH
progesterone
GnRH
GnRH
142
The role of the pituitary hormone LH in males is to
stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
stimulate the sustentacular cells to produce inhibin.
initiate sperm production in the testes.
develop and maintain secondary sex characteristics.
influence sexual behaviors and sex drive.
stimulate the interstitial cells to produce testosterone.
143
The muscle in the wall of the scrotum is the
cremaster muscle.
myometrium.
dartos muscle.
detrusor muscle.
external os.
dartos muscle
144
Spermatozoa are moved along the ductus deferens by
hydrostatic force.
ciliary action.
peristaltic contractions.
suction.
guide cells.
peristaltic contractions.
145
Choose the correct statement regarding semen.
The fluid component of semen is a mixture of glandular secretions with a distinct ionic and nutrient composition.
Seminal fluid contains a prostatic enzyme, which functions in liquefying clotted semen.
Of the total volume of seminal fluid, the prostate contributes about 60 percent.
Seminal fluid contains an abundant amount of a waxy material called smegma.
A normal sperm count ranges from 5 million to 15 million spermatozoa per milliliter of semen.
The fluid component of semen is a mixture of glandular secretions with a distinct ionic and nutrient composition.
146
Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
growth hormone
follicle-stimulating hormone
prolactin
insulin
thyroxine
follicle-stimulating hormone
147
Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled by
positive feedback.
the quantity of circulating hormone.
negative feedback.
cellular demands.
body temperature.
neg feedback
148
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
cortisol.
parathyroid hormone.
thymosin.
growth hormone.
vasopressin.
vasopressin
149
The hormones that dominate during the Resistance Phase of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) are the
mineralocorticoids.
androgens.
glucocorticoids.
thyroid hormones.
gonadotropins.
glucocorticoids
150
Which of the following begins at ovulation and persists as long as the corpus luteum remains intact?
menarche
secretory phase
functional phase
menstruation
proliferative phase
secretory phase
151
The following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract.
1 - ductus deferens
2 - urethra
3 - ejaculatory duct
4 - epididymis
The correct order in which spermatozoa pass through these structures from the testes to the penis is
1, 3, 4, 2.
4, 3, 1, 2.
4, 1, 2, 3.
4, 1, 3, 2.
1, 4, 3, 2.
4132
152
The anterior surface of the flaccid (nonerect) penis covers two cylindrical columns of erectile tissues called (the)
glans penis.
prepuce.
corpus spongiosum.
corpora cavernosa.
penile urethra.
corpora cavernosa.
153
The fluids contributed by the seminiferous tubules and epididymis account for about how much of the volume of semen?
75%
5%
50%
10%
25%
5%
154
The ________ is a layer of follicle cells that surrounds the oocyte on day 14 of a 28-day cycle.
antrum
zona pellucida
corona radiata
corpus albicans
isthmus
corona radiata
155
The chief cells of the parathyroid glands produce a hormone that
stimulates the formation of white blood cells.
increases the level of calcium ions in body fluids.
increases the level of sodium ions in body fluids.
increases the level of potassium ions in body fluids.
decreases the level of calcium ions in body fluids.
increases the level of calcium ions in body fluids.
156
The process of arousal is under the control of
the parasympathetic nervous system.
the sympathetic nervous system.
both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
the central and parasympathetic nervous systems.
the central nervous system only.
the parasympathetic nervous system.
157
Steroid hormones
are proteins.
are structurally similar to cholesterol.
are the largest class of hormones.
include pancreatic hormones.
are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.
are structurally similar to cholesterol.
158
One adrenal hormone that affects glucose metabolism is
thymosin.
cortisol.
aldosterone.
epinephrine.
gonadotropin.
cortisol
159
When blood glucose levels fall,
insulin is released.
glucagon is released.
peripheral cells take up less glucose.
protein synthesis decreases.
fat cells increase their rates of triglyceride synthesis.
glucagon is released
