Unit 5-6 Flashcards

(29 cards)

1
Q

what occurs in a hyperacute rejection?

A

involves AB and complement: recipient has Ab due to previous exposure (previous graft) or ABO mismatch causing an immediate Ab binding and complement cascade. This leads to vasospasm via anphylatoxins and histamine

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2
Q

what T cells (and associated cytokines) recognize:
HLA-A
HLA-B
HLA-D

A

A and B- weakly recognized by CTLs–> but if Th1 derived IL-2 nearby, CTL become cytotoxic

D- recognized by Th1, which secretes IL-2 to help activate CTL, and secretes IFNgamma which is proinflammatory and activates M1

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3
Q

HLA-DR is linked with

A

RA
SLE
Goodpasture’s Syndrome
DMT1

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4
Q

what are “M1”

A
  • macrophages (activated by IFNgamma) that avidly ingest bacteria and foreign bodies
  • secrete their own cytokines (TFNalpha and IL-1), which intensify inflammation
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5
Q

Distinguish Class I and Class II histocompatibility antigens

A

MHC I- HLA-A, HLA-B

  • on all nucleated cells
  • CTL

MHC II- HLA-D

  • on macrophages, DC, B cells, and Langerhan cells
  • Th cells
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6
Q

what do Tregs secrete and what are those things functions?

A

secrete TGFbeta and IL-10

-very potent at suppressing/down-regulating Th and Th2

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7
Q

what codes for MHC II in HLA

A

HLA-DR

*first noticed by Th1 cells

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8
Q

mediators that communicate between (mostly) leukocytes

A

interleukins

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9
Q

what determines what a T cell will differentiate into?

A

the experience of the DC APC prior (what PRPs were engaged, what cytokines or chemokines predominated)

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10
Q

discuss how T cells selected to recognize ‘self + X’ also recognize foreign MHC (allorecognition).

A

Th cells normally see MHC II + peptide; also detect foreign MHC II

CTL normally detect MHC I + peptide; also detects foreign MHC I

**recognition of foreign MHC is a chance for cross-rxn bc receptors are selected to recognize self-MHC + antigen during maturation in thymus

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11
Q

how to CTL become activated

A
  • DC present antigen to them in lymph node

- also require help from Th1 in the form of IL-2

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12
Q

what is the function of CTLs

A

identify infected self-cells and signal them for apoptosis

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13
Q

MHC gene set that you inherit from one parent

A

Haplotype

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14
Q

why is HLA-27 associated w/ ankylsoing spondylitis

A
  • there is cross reactivity between klebsiella bacteria and B27–> leading to autoimmunity
  • HLA-B27 is also prone to misfolding which could cause inflammation
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15
Q

what are “M2”

A

-macrophages (activated by IL-4) that help with healing (debris removal, scar formation, walling off pathogens M1 failed to kill)

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16
Q

what do Th2 secrete and what are that things functions?

A

-IL-4–> chemotactic for (and activates) macrophages (M2) and eosinophils

17
Q

what MHC class do macrophages and DC have

A

MHC I and MHC II

18
Q

what are the main functions of Tfh

A
  1. help B cells that have recognized antigen become activated and mature/differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells
  2. Direct B cells to switch from IgM secreting to IgG, IgA, or IgE
19
Q

what are the 3 main types of HLA-D gene loci

A

DR** most important for transplant
DP
DQ

20
Q

__ recognize the HLA-D loci of foreign MHC Class II receptors. They are stimulated to release IFNγ to attract more macrophages and also IL-2 to help CTL cells function.

21
Q

What cells are HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-D found on?

A

HLA-A and HLA-B: all nucleated cells– MHC I-CD8 and thus linked to CTL cells

HLA-D: Macrophages, DC, B cells, Langerhan cells–MHC II-CD4 and thus linked to Th1, Th2, Treg and create MLR

22
Q

what would occur w/o Treg cells

A

autoimmunity/ over reactive immune response

23
Q

Tfh often direct B cells to switch IgM secretion to what in these locations?
gut
spleen

A

Gut: IgA
Spleen: IgG

24
Q

what is a MLR

A

occur when leukocytes from the donor are mixed with leukocytes from the recipient to identify immune response.

25
what HLA is strongly associated w/ ankylosing spondylitis
HLA-B27
26
examples of what? | IL-1 to IL-36
interleukins
27
What does Th1 secrete and what are that things functions?
- IFNgamma --> proinflammatory, chemotactic for monocytes and macrophages - IFNgamma--> activates macrophages and turns them into "M1"
28
___ recognize the HLA-A and B loci of foreign MHC Class I receptors. They require IL-2 (secreted from activated Th1 cells) to induce apoptosis.
CTL
29
HLA-DQ is linked with
DM1 | Celiac