Unit 5 Flashcards
Antonymy
The semantic relation of oppositeness (5.1.1).
Autoantonymy
The situation in which a single word has two antonymous meanings (5.1.1)
Binary features
Features with only two possible values, or (5.2).
Committedness
The fact that, in many antonym pairs, one antonym is typically ‘uncommitted’,
i.e. neutral or unmarked, simply serving to invoke the dimension of contrast as a whole, without
attributing either of the properties to the noun it qualifies. In the antonym pair hot/cold, hot is
the uncommitted member, as seen by its use in questions like how hot is it? (5.1.1).
Componential analysis
: A type of definitional analysis which breaks meanings down into
(usually) binary features (5.2).
Definitional test for polysemy
A type of polysemy test which identifies the number of senses
of a word with the number of separate definitions needed to convey its meaning accurately
(5.3.2)
Disjunctive definition
A definition that contains two clauses linked by ‘or’ (5.3.2).
Equipollent antonyms
\: A class of gradable they are symmetrical in their distribution antonyms: and interpretation, with neither member of the pair having an uncommitted use (5.1.1).
Holonym
A word x is the holonym of another word y if y is part of x. Arm is the holonym of hand
(5.1.2)
Homonymy
The situation where two unrelated meanings happen to be expressed by the same phonological form (e.g. bank, which means both ‘edge of river’ and ‘financial institution’) (5.3.1).
Hyperonym
A higher term in a hyponymic hierarchy. Musical instrument and stringed
instrument are both hyperonyms of violin (5.1.3).
Hyponym
A lower term in a hyponymic hierarchy. Violin is a hyponym of musical instrument
and stringed instrument (5.1.3).
Lexical synonymy
Synonymy between individual lexemes (5.1.5)
Logical test for polysemy
A type of polysemy test, according to which an expression is
polysemous if it can be simultaneously true and false of the same referent (5.3.2).
Meronym
A term x denoting a part of another term y. Finger is a meronym of hand (5.1.2).
Monosemy
The situation where a word has a single meaning (5.3.1)
Paradigmatic relations
The relations between expressions which determine the choice of one
expression over another in any given context. All lexical relations (synonymy, antonymy, etc.)
are paradigmatic relations (5.1.1).
Converse opposition
pairs of mutuallyexclusive signifiers: “parent-child”; “givereceive”; “buysell”; “above-below”, etc
Directional opposition
two expressions are directional opposites if they denote opposite cases
with respect to a common axis: “north- south”; “come-go”
Reversive opposition
it involves the undoing of some action, state, or quality: “do-undo”;
“colour-bleach”; “build-demolish”.
Taxonomies
hyponyms can be classified into taxonomies. They are hyponymic hierarchies of
names for plants and animals
Sense-synonymy
: is the synonymy of some, but not all, the senses of a word: “pupil” is
synonymous with student with respect to one of its senses (=person being instructed by a teacher) but with respect to the sense “centre of the eye” the two words are, of course, nonsynonymous.
Lexical synonyms
the difference between lexical synonyms is not one of denotation but of
connotation: the associations and emotional values of a word (doctor/quack- “mata sanos”):
their denotations are the same because their referents in reality are the same but their
connotations are different because the second one is pejorative
Linguistic test
it involves constructions which predicate the same information of two different
subjects.
