unit 5 - active learning Flashcards
(43 cards)
what is memory defined as?
learning that persists over time or information/experiences that are encoded, stored, and retrievable
what did Atkinson and Shiffrin contribute to cognitive psychology? explain how their model functions
the Information-Processing Model or the 3-Stage Model
stimuli –> sensory memory –> short term memory long term memory
answer: iconic stimuli (<1s) and echoic stimuli (3-4s) are held onto really briefly and then attention to it brings them over to the stm (<30s, 7 items (Miller)) to be encoded into long term memory and then later retrieved into the working memory
how did Baddeley revise the short-term memory?
they argued that in the i-p model, the stm implied that memories fleeted, and so they proposed that it’s actually a working memory, whereby we actively process information for those brief intervals, an interval extendable via maintenance rehearsal
what are the two different ways memories are constructed and encoded?
I. shallow processing –> little elaboration onto the memory with focus on the superficial/perceptual elements
II. deep processing –> deeper elaboration with focus on the meaning
a. visual
b. acoustic
c. semantic
how does spacing affect encoding?
a. massed practice/cramming
b. distributed practice
c. spacing effect/benefit from encoding over time
d. testing effect
how does order affect encoding?
a. serial position; middle items are least remembered, last items are most remembered in the short term (recency eff.) and first items are most remembered in the long term (primacy eff.)
b. chunking: clustering items into units when meaningful
c. mnemonics: memory devices via association or imagery
hierarchies: categorization with subdivisions
how do we process memories?
I. serial processing with one item after another
II. parallel processing with multiple items at the same time
a.effortful processing of explicit memories that we can DECLARE
b. automatic processing of implicit memories that are harder to DECLARE
briefly describe the dual-track memory system
PARALLEL PROCESSING
Track 1: effortful processing –> i-p model –> sensory memory –> working memory –> explicit memory –> episodic / semantic
Track 2: automatic –> implicit –> classical cond. / time, space, freq. / procedural mem.
how do we retrieve memories?
We recognize and recall, identifying previous learning (resistant to aging) and pulling out past learning (declines with age)
how do relearning and overlearning work?
relearning –> improved retrieval via practice
overlearning –> practice after learning to make learning resilient to loss
what are retrieval cues?
rc’s are connection points to access memory via smells, sounds, or visuals. involving priming, when we activate memory associations (usually unconsciously). an example would be driving past a vape shop and perceiving a pen as a vape as you are primed by visuals.
describe context-dependent memories and its subdivisions.
cdm –> revisiting the site of an experience as a cue. sdm –> experiences in one state remembered better next time in the same state. mcm –> sdm but with emotional states
what are typical memory errors?
re: the i-p model, we can have memory issues with encoding where we don’t sufficiently form a LINK between concepts; long term storage decay (recall is not age resistant); retrieval failure with issues accessing the LTM
how does Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve depict storage decay?
there is a steep drop off in retrival initially but this stabilizes and flattens think: _
what is interference?
where some information blocks the retrival of other information; proact. prior info disrupts learning new information, retroact. new learning disrupts recalling old information
what are the three types of amnesia?
retrograde: inability to remember past BUT procedures are intact
anterograde: inability to form new memories concerning the HIPPOCAMPUS
source: inability to correctly attribute information to the right source
what is the biological basis for memory?
long-term potentiation, whereby the repeated stimulation of neurons causes the synapses to become more efficient and the neuron to need less activation to fire and more connections to occur interneuronally
what is the role of the hippocampus in forming explicit memories, of facts and experiences?
the hippocampus is a hub through which not WHERE complex neural networks are made
what is the role of the cerebellum / basal ganglia in forming implicit memories of procedures, conditioning, and timing?
the basal ganglia is primarily concerned with associative learning, the cerebellum has overlaps with the other three
where are emotional memories formed?
in the limbic system with the hippocampus and amygdala
what are flashbulb memories?
intensely emotional and vividly remembered experiences that are subject to slight changes (memories of 9/11)
what are concepts?
cognitive raw material that the brain attempts to link to another and organize
describe the three types of examples
a. prototype > great abstract
b. exemplar > great example from experience
c. artificialial concept > perfect/unnatural
in problem-solving, what are the informal reasoning tools? provide examples. HTSMM
a. heuristics –> shortcuts from experiences
- where are your keys usually?
b. top-down –> a gist of what a concept “should be” before given all of the details
- looking to buy a chair–you know what a chair “should be”
c. schema –> a set of ideas and concepts to view a problem
- something bad happens to you, you have a working schema of how to view it
d. mental set –> a way of thinking that worked before
- cat meowing meant hunger so you fed them and then they stopped
e. mental model –> way of thinking about interactions
- a brick about to hit a window; we simulate shattering but honestly anything could happen, sturdy window or brittle brick
