Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ap psychology > unit 6 - active learning > Flashcards

unit 6 - active learning Flashcards

1
Q

what occurs during germinal development and how can the process be disrupted?

A
  1. zygote undergoes rapid division and is less vulnerable to the ENVIRONMENT
    2a. GENETIC issues like phenylketonuria (PKU) may occur whereby the inability to produce pepsin results in neurological setbacks
    2b. GENETIC issues like Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21 could occur where there are physical growth delays and intellectual disabilities.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what occurs during the placental stage and how can the processes then be disrupted?

A
  1. at this stage, the placenta connects mother to fetus, resulting in a HIGH RISK stage; what mom eats/breathes/drinks affects fetus
  2. TERATOGENS (ENV) like alcohol or tobacco reach the child.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do the teratogens (ENV) like alcohol and tobacco do to development?

A
  1. alc –> Fetal Alcohol Syndrome where neuro/phys impairments and predispositions to alcoholism are passed to child
  2. tobacco –> cleft palate and / or low birth weight
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what occurs during the embryonic stage?

A
  1. the fetus is still very vulnerable to environmental factors
  2. the central nervous system develops here
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what occurs during the fetal stage?

A

sex organs differentiate, appendages form, hearing/breathing, brain develops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe Erikson’s Social Development Theory

A

CONFLICTS
1. trust/mistrust (infancy)
> parental responsiveness to needs
2. autonomy/shame & doubt (early childhood)
> parental responsiveness to independent behav.
3. initiative/guilt (play age)
> parental responsiveness to individuality
4. industry/inferiority (school age)
> soc/cult views on productivity
5. identity/role confusion (late school age)
> finding self
6. intimacy/isolation (early adulthood)
> finding love
7. generativity/stagnation (middle adulthood)
> mid-life crisis
8. ego-integrity/despair (late adulthood)
> end-life crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe Ainsworth’s Attachment Style

A

Method: strange situation test - how babies respond to the absence of mothers

secure attachment

  • separation: distress when mot. leaves
  • stranger: avoidant behavior unless with mot.
  • reunion: happy & soothed
  • other: exploring and curious but returns to mot.
  • FORMS WHEN CAREGIVER IS RESPONSIVE AND COMFORTING

insecure attachment

  • FORMS WHEN CHILD PERCIEVES THAT THEIR NEEDS ARE UNMET
    1. resistant
  • separation: intense distress
  • stranger: fear/avoidance
  • reunion: approaches mot.
  • other: less willing to explore
    2. avoidant
  • separation: no distress
  • stranger: no reaction
  • reunion: little interest
  • other: equal comfort elsewhere
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe Baurmind’s Parenting Styles Matrix

A

warmth +, demand + = authoritatIVE style > lots of rules, directive, and responsive

warmth -, demand + = authoritaRIAN style > rules but inflexible

warmth +, demand - = permissive style > no rules/boundaries, responsive

warmth -, demand - = uninvolved style > no demands no response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the general outcomes of Baurmind’s Parenting Styles?

A

authoritative –> happy, confident, capable, socially-competent

authoritarian –> angry, low self-esteem, obedient

permissive –> lack of discipline, self-involved, insecure

uninvolved –> anxious, withdrawn, untrusting, independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the relationship between assimilation and stimulus generalization?

A

a) [child calls a dog “dog” + praise] + child sees a cat. which RESULTS in [child calls cat “dog”] > BC of schema assimilation & stimulus generalization (stimulus being 4 legs)
b) [child calls a cat “dog”] + correction which RESULTS in [child calls cat “cat” and a dog “dog”] stimulus discrimination & schema accomadation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the Piagetian Stages?

A
  1. sensorimotor > object permanence develops
  2. preoperational > theory of mind & symbolic thought
    - tom is empathy, the start of moving past egocentrism
    - symb is when pretend play occurs and lang dev.
  3. concrete operational > logic develops
    - reversibility, conservation, and constancy learned
    - classification (groups by prop) and seriation (group by class) learned
  4. formal operational > abstract thought begins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

John Marcia’s Model also considered identity crises, briefly describe them.

A
  1. exploration -, commitment + = foreclosure: rigid in self-identity
  2. exploration +, commitment + = achievement: active exp+ examination leads to strong individ. values + goals
  3. exploration -, commitment - = diffusion: identity not considered
  4. exploration +, commitment - + moratorium: active exploration with lots of options
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the Piagetian perspective on adolescent risk taking?

A

when formal operational thought develops (abstract/hypothetical), adolescents can imagine how others view them, leading to imaginary audiences where self-consciousness develops and personal fables and views of exceptionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the biopsychosocial perspective on adolescent risk taking?

A

B -> prefrontal cortext not developed
S -> influence of peers
P -> personal fables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what occurs during aging?

A
  1. brain loses regional volume, telomeres shorten, and risk of dementia increases
  2. procedures/semantic memories are stable, working memories/fluid intelligence sees decline BUT not crystallized intelligence (heuristics)
  3. vision reduces with presbyopia, sex hormones decreases, muscle mass reduces
  4. exercise, diet, and new experiences mitigate the above detriments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development? Levels & Stages

A

Method: presenting a Kohlberg Dillema

[L1 Pre-Conventional Morality]-(right/wrong based on reward/punishment)

  1. Punishment obedience: what leads to punishment is wrong
  2. Rewarded behaviors are right

[L2 Conventional Morality]-(views of others, blame avoidance, seeking approval)

  1. Good intentions: behave in good behaviors EXPECTED of us
  2. Obedience to Authority: importance of doing one’s duty

[L3 Post-Conventional Morality]-(abstract notions of justice, rights of others overrides rules & authority)

  1. Difference of Morals/Legal right: civil disobedience
  2. Takes into account multiple moral decisions
17
Q

Kohlberg’s study, analysis, and critique

A
  1. construct validity: unclear if it could accurately measure morality
  2. predictive validity: unclear if the dillemma predicts actual behaviors
  3. demand characteristics: do participants respond in the way researchers want them to?
  4. social desirability bias: is the participant trying to impress the researcher?
  5. carol giligan’s study: failed to verify Kohlberg’s generalizability. DUE TO unrepresentative sample, and Kohlberg focused on logic/social organization/justice while Giligan focused on interpersonal relationships
18
Q

what are the theories of gender development?

A
  1. gender roles are the EXPECTED behaviors for males/females rooted in culture. Stereotypes are developed schemas about gendered behaviors
  2. Gender Schema Theory > Children actively form mental categories for masculinity and femininity, recognize own roles, and select for activities that match that role.

*the difference is that 2 ADDS COGNITION TO THEORY NOT JUST OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING

ap psychology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions