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AP GEO > Unit 5 - Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes > Flashcards

Unit 5 - Agriculture and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade?

A

agriculture

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2
Q

A type of agriculture where farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit.

A

commercial agriculture

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3
Q

A type of agriculture where farmers focus on raising food they need to live.

A

subsistence agriculture

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4
Q

Growing crops that people plant, raise, and harvest

A

plant domestication

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5
Q

Raising and caring for animals by humans for protection or food.

A

animal domestication

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6
Q

Known as the Neolithic Revolution or the origin of farming; marked by the beginning of domestications of plants and animals.

A

First Agricultural Revolution

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7
Q

Farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill, creating a flat surface for crop production.

A

terrace farming

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8
Q

The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops.

A

irrigation

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9
Q

The number of crops or people that an area can support is known as?

A

carrying capacity

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10
Q

What type of agriculture practice cuts down and burns all vegetation, where the ash provides some soil nutrients and the land can be farmed for a few years before the soil becomes depleted and the plot is abandoned.

A

slash-and-burn

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11
Q

The removal of large tracts of forest

A

deforestation

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12
Q

The transition of land from fertile to desert.

A

desertification

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13
Q

Enabled British landowners to purchase and encircle land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers.

A

Enclosure Acts

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14
Q

Began in the 1960s; companies control the development, planting, processing, and selling of food products to the consumer.

A

Third Agricultural Revolution

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15
Q

The development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, faster-growing varieties of grains. (Primarily rice, corn, and wheat).

A

Green Revolution

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16
Q

Hybridization process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed.

A

GMOs

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17
Q

Who was the chief architect of the Green Revolution?

A

Norman Borlaug

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18
Q

A form of subsistence agriculture; practiced in arid and semi-arid climates in the developing world where people travel from place to place with their herds or domesticated animals.

A

pastoral nomadism

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19
Q

A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers, usually in tropical climate regions, move from one field to another.

A

shifting cultivation

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20
Q

Commercial gardening and fruit farming; found mostly in California and the Southeast in order to take advantage of long growing seasons.

A

market gardening

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21
Q

Another form of market gardening where products were traditionally driven to urban markets and sold. Fruits and vegetables include lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes.

A

truck farming

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22
Q

The geographic distance that dairy is delivered. This distance increased with improvements in refrigeration and transportation.

A

milk shed

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23
Q

Herders practice the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter. (goats and sheep are the principal livestock)

A

transhumance

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24
Q

A type of agriculture practiced in regions with hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and often some type of irrigation system.

A

Mediterranean agriculture

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25
Q

Agriculture that uses fewer inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the amount of space being used (includes shifting cultivation, nomadic herding, and ranching).

A

extensive farming

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26
Q

Agriculture that involves greater input of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used (includes terrace farming, market gardening, and plantations).

A

intensive farming

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27
Q

A technique that maximizes the output on a small amount of land by planting and harvesting twice per year.

A

double-cropping

28
Q

When farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field (a.k.a. multicropping).

A

intercropping

29
Q

Confined spaces in which cattle and hogs have limited movement.

A

feed lots

30
Q

The integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry. This includes large-scale commercial agriculture and also the steps of processing and production, transportation, marketing, retail, and research development. Typically performed by transnational corporations.

A

agribusiness

31
Q

A legacy of colonialism; replaced subsistence farming with commercial agriculture in many less developed regions.

A

Plantation Agriculture

32
Q

A system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, and consumers often owned by one corporation.

A

supply chain

33
Q

A process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers.

A

commodity chain

34
Q

The raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land.

A

monoculture

35
Q

A farm where no one lives on the farm and harvesting and planting is performed by farmers who live nearby or by migratory labor.

A

suitcase farm

36
Q

Transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip.

A

cool chains

37
Q

The use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies. One way to describe the current state of global food production.

A

neocolonialism

38
Q

An effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices.

A

fair trade movement

39
Q

Government provided support to farmers to ensure that consumers have a dependable, low-cost supply of food.

A

subsidy

40
Q

When a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps in developing a product.

A

verticle integration

41
Q

Rural residents; commonly groups of homes located near each other in a “hamlet” or village.

A

clustered settlements

42
Q

A pattern in which farmers lived in homes spread throughout the countryside.

A

dispersed settlements

43
Q

Plot boundaries, fields, that often had irregular shapes that reflected the location of physical features and traditional patterns of use. (i.e. “from the oak tree, 100 yards north, to the corner of the barn AND using larger features like streams or roads)

A

metes and bounds

44
Q

Government organized land; areas six miles long and six miles wide.

A

township

45
Q

France developed a farm system, where long thin sections of land ran perpendicular to a river.

A

French long-lot system

46
Q

An economic model that suggested a pattern for types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods. (a guide for geographers as they study the relative value of land and transportation costs.)

A

von Thünen Model

47
Q

A flat and featureless plain.

A

isotropic

48
Q

According to the von Thünen Model, this zone is closest to the Market zone and is a type of agriculture that includes market gardening/truck farming and dairying.

A

horticulture

49
Q

The starting position for each land use relative to the market as well as where each land-use would end, according to the von Thünuen Model.

A

bid rent curve/bid price curve

50
Q

Naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would prompt farmers to plant crops different from those predicted by von Thünen’s Model.

A

comparative advantage

51
Q

An area of recreational parks or other undeveloped land, rather than a source of fuel.

A

greenbelt

52
Q

The practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water.

A

aquaculture

53
Q

Food produced without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers or other unnatural processes.

A

organic food

54
Q

Aquaculture has dramatically increased the availability of fish protein to many people, which is now the fastest-growing form of food production on the planet and responsible for approximately 50% of the world’s seafood.

A

Blue Revolution

55
Q

If the density of animals is greater than the grasslands can support, animals will damage the grasslands to the extent that the vegetation will not refresh itself even after the animals leave.

A

overgrazing

56
Q

Food Desert

A

Areas with little or no access to healthy and affordable food.

57
Q

A distinct regional approach to surveying land in Quebec, Louisiana and Texas where land is divided into tall narrow parcels.

A

long lot

58
Q

A rural settlement pattern in which buildings are clustered along a road or river.

A

linear

59
Q

The commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area.

A

ranching

60
Q

Agriculture characterized by the integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually by large corporations

A

agribusiness

61
Q

The interchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world starting in the late 1400s.

A

Columbian Exchange

62
Q

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the Middle East that was known for its bountiful arable land.

A

Fertile Crescent

63
Q

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms.

A

dispersed

64
Q

Cultivation in which forests are burnt and cleared for planting

A

Slash & Burn

65
Q

The maximum number of people a particular area can support.

A

carrying capacity

66
Q

A type of farming using an integrated system where the crops grown are used to feed the livestock on the same farm.

A

mixed-crop-livestock

AP GEO (7 decks)

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