Unit 5: Cognition MOAL

Question 1

Chunking

Answer 1

organizing items into familiar, manageable unit: often occurs automatically

Question 2

Echoic Memory

Answer 2

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 3

Encoding

Answer 3

the process of getting information into the memory system for example, by extracting memory

Question 4

Episodic Memory

Answer 4

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory events (semantic memory)

Question 5

Iconic Memory

Answer 5

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 6

Long-term Memory

Answer 6

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Question 7

Long-term Potential (LTP)

Answer 7

an increase in a cell firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 8

Mnemonic Device

Answer 8

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 9

Mood-congruent Memory

Answer 9

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 10

Priming

Answer 10

the activation often unconsciously, of certain associations, this predisposes one’s perception, memory, or response

Question 11

Recall

Answer 11

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-blank test

Question 12

Recognition

Answer 12

a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

Question 13

Relearning

Answer 13

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning materiel again

Question 14

Retrieval

Answer 14

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 15

Semantic Memory

Answer 15

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of two conscious memory systems (episodic memory)

Question 16

Sensory Memory

Answer 16

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 17

Serial Position Effect

Answer 17

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Question 18

short-term memory

Answer 18

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the digits of a phone number while calling before information is stored or forgotten

Question 19

spacing effect

Answer 19

the tendency for distributed or practice to yield better long-term memory retention than mass memory

Question 20

Storage

Answer 20

the process of retaining encoded information overtime

Question 21

Working Memory

Answer 21

a newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual information, and information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 22

anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

the inability to form new memories

Question 23

misinformation effect

Answer 23

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

Question 24

proactive interference

Answer 24

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Question 25

retroactive interference

Answer 25

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Question 26

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 26

an inability to retrieve information from one’s part

Question 27

Source Amnesia

Answer 27

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Source amnesia, and with misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories

Question 28

Acoustic encoding

Answer 28

encoding sounds, especially the sound of words

Question 29

Cerebellum

Answer 29

involved in classical conditioning

Question 30

context-dependent memory

Answer 30

improved recall of specific episodes of information when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 31

Effortful processing

Answer 31

encoding that requires effort and attention

Question 32

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 32

verbiage brings in other memories- memory construction errors

Question 33

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 33

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. They tend the be biologically accurate

Question 34

Herman Ebbinghaus

Answer 34

the creator of the learning curve

Question 35

Hippocampus

Answer 35

consolidates information for long term memory storage

Question 36

Information processing model

Answer 36

not using knowledge new information will replace it

Question 37

Method of Loci

Answer 37

link imagery of items to familiar locations

Question 38

Pollyanna principle

Answer 38

pleasant items/events are processed more efficiently and accurately than less pleasant one

Question 39

Semantic Encoding

Answer 39

processing a word deeply by its meaning

Question 40

State-dependent memory

Answer 40

what we learn in one state (high, tired, drunk, or sober) is easily recalled in that state

Question 41

Visual encoding

Answer 41

is the use of imagery to process information into memory

Question 42

Explicit Memory

Answer 42

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”

Question 43

Forgetting Curve

Answer 43

forgetting is initially rapid, then levels out with time

Question 44

Implicit Memory

Answer 44

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Question 45

Next-in-Line Effect

Answer 45

the cognitive bias that causes a person to have lower recall for events that happened right before or after a performance

Question 46

Primacy Effect

Answer 46

earlier items are remembered better

Question 47

Prospective Memory

Answer 47

remembering to remember to preform an action in the future

Question 48

Recency Effect

Answer 48

items presented most recently (last) are easier to recall

Question 49

Rehearsal

Answer 49

the conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Question 50

Retention Curve

Answer 50

shows recall of information drops to below 50% within an hour and 25% within 2 days

Question 51

Retrospective Memory

Answer 51

remembering things from the past (people, toys, events)

Question 52

Self-Referencing Effect

Answer 52

processing information deemed important or relevant, making it easier to recall

Question 53

Tip-of-the-Tongue

Answer 53

the temporary inability to remember something you know, which feels just out of reach. A failure in retrieval

Question 54

Von Restroff Effect

Answer 54

peaks in memory in the middle of the lists surround important events