Unit 5: Diversity and Phylogeny

Question 1

Which of the following oxidizes inorganic substances to obtain energy and fix CO2?

Answer 1

C) chemoautotrophs

Question 2

The earliest discovered fossils are of ________ dating back to ________ years ago.

Answer 2

B) prokaryotes . . . 3.5 billion

Question 3

A stromatolite is

Answer 3

B) a distinctive layered structure formed by photosynthetic prokaryotes.

Question 4

Rod-shaped bacteria are called

Answer 4

B) bacilli

Question 5

Prokaryotes that twist through the environment are called

Answer 5

D) spirochetes

Question 6

Bacteria that “fix” nitrogen to a form that plants can use are called

Answer 6

C) Rhizobium

Question 7

Bullseye rash after tick bite suggests what disease?

Answer 7

D) Lyme disease

Question 8

Bacteria that manipulate rollie pollies to become female

Answer 8

E) Wolbachia

Question 9

Bacteria that causes food poisoning

Answer 9

A) Salmonella

Question 10

Which statement about Archaea is true?

Answer 10

A) Genetic prospecting has recently revealed many previously unknown species.

Question 11

How do green algae differ from land plants?

Answer 11

B) Some green algae are unicellular.

Question 12

Which is not a hallmark of plants?

Answer 12

A) unicellular

Question 13

Are conifers more closely related to flowering plants or ferns?

Answer 13

A) flowering plants

Question 14

Are ferns more closely related to flowering plants or conifers?

Answer 14

A) flowering plants

Question 15

What taxa have seeds but not flowers?

Answer 15

B) conifers

Question 16

Was the common ancestor of conifers and flowering plants multicellular?

Answer 16

A) yes

Question 17

Did the common ancestor of mosses and ferns have seeds?

Answer 17

B) no

Question 18

Sponges are best described as

Answer 18

D) filter feeders

Question 19

In Cnidaria, what functions as both mouth and anus?

Answer 19

B) a gastrovascular cavity

Question 20

Most animals alive today are

Answer 20

B) invertebrates

Question 21

Which animal displays radial symmetry?

Answer 21

B) a sea anemone

Question 22

Which of the following do not have true tissues?

Answer 22

E) sponges (Porifera)

Question 23

Key adaptation in annelids for flexibility and movement?

Answer 23

C) segmentation

Question 24

Animals with segmentation, jointed appendages, and exoskeleton belong to

Answer 24

E) Arthropoda

Question 25

Three major body sections in insects

Answer 25

B) head, thorax, and abdomen

Question 26

An organism that flies and has an exoskeleton must be

Answer 26

D) an insect

Question 27

What is characteristic of all vertebrates?

Answer 27

A) a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae

Question 28

Craniates are chordates that possess

Answer 28

A) a skull

Question 29

How do lampreys differ from fishes?

Answer 29

C) they lack jaws and paired fins

Question 30

Key derived characters of sharks and rays

Answer 30

D) jaws and paired fins

Question 31

Why are amphibians called 'two lives'?

Answer 31

A) they have aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Question 32

Adaptation allowing reptiles to complete life cycles on land

Answer 32

C) an amniotic egg

Question 33

Which organism is a marsupial?

Answer 33

B) kangaroo

Question 34

Which characteristic most helps vertebrates in dry environments?

Answer 34

A) the shelled, amniotic egg

Question 35

What does a phylogenetic tree (cladogram) represent?

Answer 35

A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships among species.

Question 36

What are nodes on a cladogram?

Answer 36

Branch points that represent common ancestors.

Question 37

What do branches on a phylogenetic tree represent?

Answer 37

Evolutionary lineages and transitions (traits).

Question 38

How can you tell which species are more closely related on a cladogram?

Answer 38

They share a more recent common ancestor (closer node).

Question 39

What is the function of Rhizobium in plant roots?

Answer 39

It fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere into a usable form for plants.

Question 40

What are cyanobacteria known for?

Answer 40

They produce oxygen through photosynthesis and changed Earth’s atmosphere.

Question 41

What are protists?

Answer 41

Mostly unicellular eukaryotes that can be autotrophic or heterotrophic.

Question 42

What protist causes malaria?

Answer 42

Plasmodium, a type of alveolate.

Question 43

What protist caused the Irish potato famine?

Answer 43

A water mold (oomycete).

Question 44

What are the four major plant groups?

Answer 44

Bryophytes, seedless vascular, gymnosperms, and angiosperms.

Question 45

Which plants lack vascular tissue?

Answer 45

Bryophytes (e.g., mosses).

Question 46

What are gymnosperms?

Answer 46

Seed-producing plants like conifers that do not produce flowers.

Question 47

What are angiosperms?

Answer 47

Flowering plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruits.

Question 48

What do all plants have in common?

Answer 48

Multicellular, sessile, cell walls, chloroplasts, and photosynthesis.

Question 49

What is a defining trait of sponges (Porifera)?

Answer 49

They lack true tissues and symmetry.

Question 50

What are cnidarians known for?

Answer 50

Stinging cells, radial symmetry, and a gastrovascular cavity.

Question 51

What innovation allows annelids to move more flexibly?

Answer 51

Segmentation.

Question 52

What is the function of the exoskeleton in arthropods?

Answer 52

Provides support, protection, and enables jointed movement.

Question 53

What are the four key traits of chordates?

Answer 53

Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

Question 54

What distinguishes mammals from other chordates?

Answer 54

Hair, mammary glands, and live birth in most.

Question 55

What’s the difference between monotremes, marsupials, and placentals?

Answer 55

Monotremes lay eggs, marsupials have pouches, placentals develop via placenta.

Question 56

If two species share a more recent common ancestor with each other than with a third, what does that mean?

Answer 56

They are more closely related to each other than to the third species.

Question 57

What does it mean when a trait is shared among a group on a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 57

It likely evolved in their most recent common ancestor.

Question 58

Can a phylogenetic tree show exact time of divergence?

Answer 58

Not always — unless it’s a scaled tree, it only shows relative relationships, not timing.