Unit 5

Question 1

Hope

Answer 1

According to Erikson, openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance.

Question 2

Will

Answer 2

According to Erikson, a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance.

Question 3

Purpose

Answer 3

According to Erikson, balance between individual initiative and the willingness to cooperate with others.

Question 4

Evolutionary Psychology

Answer 4

Theoretical view that many human behaviors represent successful adaptations to the environment.

Question 5

Secure Attachment

Answer 5

Relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers.

Question 6

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 6

Relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation.

Question 7

Resistant Attachment

Answer 7

Relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console.

Question 8

Disorganized (Disoriented) Attachment

Answer 8

Relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers.

Question 9

Internal Working Model

Answer 9

Infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life.

Question 10

Basic Emotions

Answer 10

Emotions experienced by humankind that consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior.

Question 11

Social Smiles

Answer 11

A smile that infants produce when they see a human face (occurs at about 2 to 3 months of age).

Question 12

Stranger Wariness

Answer 12

First distinct signs of fear that emerge around 6 months of age when infants become wary in the presence of unfamiliar adults.

Question 13

Social Referencing

Answer 13

Behavior in which infants in unfamiliar or ambiguous environments look at an adult for cues to help them interpret the situation.

Question 14

Parellel Play

Answer 14

When children play alone but are aware of and interested in what another child is doing.

Question 15

Simple Social Play

Answer 15

Play that begins at about 15 to 18 months; toddlers engage in similar activities as well as talk and smile at each other.

Question 16

Cooperative Play

Answer 16

Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role; begins at about 2 years of age.

Question 17

Enabling Actions

Answer 17

Individuals’ actions and remarks that tend to support others and sustain the interaction.

Question 18

Constricting Actions

Answer 18

Interaction in which one partner tries to emerge as the victor by threatening or contradicting the other.

Question 19

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 19

Any behavior that benefits another person other than the self (eg. cooperation).

Question 20

Altruism

Answer 20

Prosocial behavior such as helping and sharing in which the individual does not benefit directly from his or her own behavior.

Question 21

Empathy

Answer 21

Act of experiencing another person’s feelings.

Question 22

Skills

Answer 22

Perspective-taking and empathy.

Question 23

Situational Influences

Answer 23

Feelings of responsibility, feelings of competence, mood, and cost of altruism.

Question 24

Heredity

Answer 24

Temperament.

Question 25

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 25

Describes the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors. Individuals may form a gender identity based on imitation and differential reinforcement.

Question 26

Gender-Schema Theory

Answer 26

Theory that states that children want to learn more about an activity only after first deciding whether it is masculine or feminine.

Question 27

Gender Identity

Answer 27

Sense of oneself as male or female.

Question 28

Social Role

Answer 28

Set of cultural guidelines about how one should behave, especially with other people.

Question 29

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 29

Beliefs and images about males and females that are not necessarily true.

Question 30

Relational Aggression

Answer 30

Aggression used to hurt others by undermining their social relationships.