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Biology > Unit 5: Genetics and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Unit 5: Genetics and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

Allele

A

Alternate forms of a gene ex T or t

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2
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a technique used to sample amniotic fluid (which contains fetal cells) to determine if a fetus has a genetic disorder

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3
Q

Autosome

A

a non-sex chromosome #1-44

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4
Q

Bacterial/Genetic Transformation

A

process of inserting DNA from one species into another creating a transgenic organism

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5
Q

Biotechnology

A

branch of biology that involves modifying the genes of organisms to improve human life; also called genetic engineering, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA technology

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6
Q

Cloning

A

process of making genetically-identical copies of genes or entire organisms

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7
Q

Codominance

A

complex pattern of inheritance in which both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype

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8
Q

Color Blindness (Define and Cause)

A

sex-linked trait in which sufferers fail to distinguish between certain colors–usually red and green

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9
Q

Crossing Over

A

process that occurs in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes overlap and exchange pieces creating unique sperm/egg cells

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10
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (Define and Cause)

A

autosomal recessive disease characterized by a thick accumulation of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract

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11
Q

Diabetes (Define and Cause)

A

a disease caused by a failure of the body to produce insulin (type I) or the development of insulin resistance over time (type II)

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12
Q

Dominant

A

an allele or trait that is always expressed, is always the uppercase letter

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13
Q

DNA Fingerprint

A

a pattern of bands in a gel created during electrophoresis that is unique for all of the members of a sexually-reproducing population

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14
Q

Down Syndrome/Trisomy 21 (Define and Cause)

A

individuals that have 3 copies of chromosome #21

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

process in which a sperm cell unites with an egg cell

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16
Q

Gel Electrophoresis

A

process that uses an electrical current to separate DNA fragments by size creating a unique banding pattern in a gel called a DNA fingerprint; also called DNA fingerprinting

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17
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein/trait

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18
Q

Gene Therapy

A

replacing defective genes with normal ones to cure disease

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19
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organism whose genome has been altered artificially through genetic engineering

20
Q

Genetics

A

the study of heredity

21
Q

Genome

A

all the genes found in a species

22
Q

Genotype

A

the combination of alleles for a trait(s) ex Tt, tt, or TT

23
Q

Hemophilia (Define and Cause)

A

sex-linked disease caused the lack of a blood clotting protein; sufferers can bleed to death from a simple cut/bruise

24
Q

Heterozygous

A

an organism has a dominant allele paired with a recessive allele; ex. Tt

25
Q

Homozygous Chromosomes

A

a pair of chromosomes that are the same size and have genes arranged in the same order; one comes from mom and one from dad

26
Q

Homozygous

A

an organism has the same two alleles for a particular trait; ex. TT or tt

27
Q

Human Genome Project (Define and Purpose)

A

was established in 1990 to sequence the 3 billion base pairs of human DNA (finished in 2001) and to map our 35,000 genes

28
Q

Huntington’s Disease (Define and Cause)

A

autosomal dominant disease characterized by a late onset (around age 35) and breakdown of the central nervous system; death by 45

29
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

complex pattern of inheritance in which neither allele is dominant over the other resulting in an intermediate/blended phenotype

30
Q

Karyotype

A

a picture of a fetus’s chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs which can be used to determine sex and if genetic abnormalities are present

31
Q

Meiosis

A

a form of cell division that makes four genetically-different haploid gametes

32
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

complex pattern of inheritance governing human blood types (A, B, AB, O), in which there are more than two alleles for a trait

33
Q

Nondisjunction

A

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis leading to genetic diseases like Down Syndrome, is very uncommon

34
Q

Pedigree

A

a chart showing the genetic relationships amongst the members of a family; can show traits/diseases

35
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical expression of the genotype; ex. brown eyes

36
Q

Plasmid

A

tiny rings of DNA found in bacteria located outside of their large circular chromosome, that often contain genes for antibiotic resistance and that we use to carry human genes in biotech, like the gene for insulin

37
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

complex pattern of inheritance in which traits with a broad range of phenotypes are controlled by more than one gene; examples include human height, skin color, weight, eye color, and hair color

38
Q

Punnett Square

A

a diagram that is used to show the probability of outcomes from a genetic cross

39
Q

Recessive

A

an allele or trait that is only expressed when not in the presence of a dominant one

40
Q

Restriction Enzyme

A

proteins that cut DNA into fragments; “molecular scissors”

41
Q

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (Define and Cause)

A

a sex-linked recessive disorder in which the patient lacks an immune system; has been successfully treated in some instances with gene therapy; AKA bubble boy syndrome

42
Q

Sex Chromosome

A

chromosomes that determine sex; the X and Y chromosomes

43
Q

Sex-Linked Traits

A

caused by genes on the X chromosome and are most often passed from mother to son

44
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia (Define and Cause)

A

disease that is caused by a mutation in DNA resulting in defective hemoglobin and leading to crescent-shaped red blood cells; carriers are immune to malaria

45
Q

Transgenic Organism

A

A genetically-modified organism (GMO) that contains foreign DNA (DNA from another species); ex. a glowing mouse or a frost-resistant strawberry plant

46
Q

Variation

A

Any difference between individuals of the same species.

47
Q

Zygote

A

a fertilized egg cell

Biology (6 decks)

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