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AP Environmental Science > Unit 5: Land and Water Use > Flashcards

Unit 5: Land and Water Use Flashcards

1
Q

Renewable resources

A

can be regenerated quickly, such as plants and animals (trees are the line between nonrenewable)

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2
Q

Slash and burn

A

an area of vegetation is cut down and burned before being planted with crops. provides temporary nutrients and cleared land, but is depleted quickly

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3
Q

The Green Revolution

A

1950s/1960s the time after the industrial revolution when farming became modernized

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4
Q

Second Green Revolution

A

promoted integrated pest management and organic methods, such as fertilizers that are not synthetic

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5
Q

IPM

A

integrated pest management uses a combination of several methods and is a more environmentally sensitive approach than chemical pesticides. Only use chemical pesticides only in the worst-case scenario

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6
Q

Salinization

A

caused by repeated irriation. Significant buildup of salts on the soil’s surface, which makes land unusable for crops. Flooding crops to avoid this leads to woterlogging plant roots

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7
Q

Furrow irrigation

A

cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water (inexpensive and unproductive)

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8
Q

Flood irrigation

A

flooding a field with water, can lead to waterlogging and loses about 20% of the water to evaporation and runoff

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9
Q

Spray irrigation

A

pumping water into spray nozzles and spraying fields. Only loses about 1/4 of water, but requires energy to run and can be expensive

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10
Q

Drip irriation

A

allots an area only as much water as is necessary and delivers the water directly to the roots using perforated hoses that releases small amount of water. This is very efficient, but very expensive

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11
Q

GMO

A

Genetically motified organisms, made by adding genes from one species to another to encourage desirable characteristics. discourage biodiversity, harm beneficial insects, pose new allergen risks, increase antibiotic resistance, create pesticide resistent pests

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12
Q

Plantation farmin

A

practiced mainly in tropical developing nations, in which a monoculture cash crop such as bananas, coffee, or vegetables. Grown and exported to developed nations

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13
Q

Arable

A

suitable for plant growth

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14
Q

Loamy

A

balanced mixture between clay, sily, and sand. Considered the best type of soil for plant growth

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15
Q

Soil structure

A

the extend to which it aggregates or clumps

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16
Q

Soil aggregates

A

formed and held together by such substances as clay particles and organic matter

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17
Q

Polyculture

A

planting several crops on the same plot of land simultaneously (as opposed to crop rotation, where you switch out different crops at different times)

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18
Q

Dust Bowl

A

formed in the 1930s, when the Great Plains became degraded and prone to wind erosion

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19
Q

Contour plowing

A

rows of crops are plowed across a hillside, prevents the erosion that can occur when rows are cut up and down on a slope

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20
Q

Tilling

A

scraping top soil to sift it and reveal nutrients

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21
Q

plowing

A

more intense tilling, in which soil is upturned and mashed to reveal soil under the topsoil

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22
Q

Perennial crops

A

crops that grow back without replanting each year

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23
Q

Windbreak

A

made up of one or more rows of trees or shrubs planted near crops in such a way as to provide shelter from eroding winds

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24
Q

Green manure

A

made by leaving plants to wither and then serve as mulc

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25
Q

CAFO

A

concentrated animal feeding operation. Leads to a large amount of waste in runoff “lagoons” ethical concerns, use of hormones and antibiotics to prevent fast spreading disease

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26
Q

Rotational grazing

A

the regular rotation of livestock between different pastures in order to avoid overgrazing in a particular area

27
Q

Overgrazing

A

harmful to the soil because it leads to erosion and soil compaction. Can cause desertification

28
Q

Old growth forest

A

has never been cut

29
Q

second growth forests

A

areas where cutting has occurred and a new, younger forest has arisen naturally

30
Q

Silviculture

A

management of forest plantations ofr the purpose of harvesting timber

31
Q

Clear cutting

A

the removal of all trees in an area

32
Q

selective cuttin

A

the removal of select trees in an area

33
Q

agroforestry

A

trees and crops are planted toether

34
Q

Greenbelts

A

open or forested areas build at the outer edges of cities

35
Q

surface fires

A

typically burn only the forests’ underbrush and do little damage to mature trees

36
Q

Crown fires

A

may start on the ground or in the canopies of forests that have not experienced recent surface fires

37
Q

ground fires

A

smoldering fires that take place in bos or swamps and can burn underground for days or weeks

38
Q

Controlled burns

A

small fires started when conditions are just right and whihc lower the amounts of fuel

39
Q

interbasin transfer

A

water is transported very long distances from its source, through aqueducts or plpelines

40
Q

groundwater

A

ant water that comes from below the ground

41
Q

aquifers

A

underground beds or layers of earth, gravel, or porous stone that hold water

42
Q

confined aquifer

A

has boundaries that dont readily transport water

43
Q

Compacted aquifers

A

the mineral grains making up the aquifer collapse on each other and the materical is unable to hold as much water

44
Q

Riparian

A

of, on, or relating to the banks of a natural course of flowing water

45
Q

Prior appropriation

A

water rights are given to those who have historically used the water in a certain area

46
Q

capture fisheries

A

caught in wild and not raised in captivity for consumption

47
Q

y catch

A

refers to species of fish, mammals, and birds that are caught during fishing operations but are not the target fish

48
Q

drift nets

A

which float through the water and indiscriminately catch everything in their path

49
Q

long lining

A

the use of long lines that have baited hooks and will be taken by numerous aquatic organisms

50
Q

Bottom trawling

A

in which the ocean floor is literally scraped by heavy nets that scrape away or smash everything in their path

51
Q

Aquaculture

A

the raising of fish and other aquatic species in captivity for harvest

52
Q

metallic minerals

A

mined for their metals, which can be extracted through smelting and used for various purposes

53
Q

nonmetallic minerals

A

mined to be used in their natural state, with noting extracted from them

54
Q

mineral deposit

A

an area in which a particular mineral is concentrated

55
Q

ore

A

a rock or mineral from which a valuable substance can be extracted at a profit

56
Q

tailings

A

piles of gangue, acid mine drainage waste material from mining

57
Q

acid mine drainage

A

water speeps trough mines and carries of sulfure-containing compounds

58
Q

over burden

A

removal of large portions of soil and rock

59
Q

strip mining

A

involves removal of the vegetation from an area, which makes the area more susceptible to erosion

60
Q

Mountaintop removal

A

use of explosives. disrupts the ecosystem

61
Q

shaft mining

A

vertical tunnels are built to access and then excavate minerals that are underground and otherwise unreachable

62
Q

IPAT model

A

used to describe the impact that humans have on the environment. I = total impact, P = population, A = affluence, T = level of technology

63
Q
A

AP Environmental Science (5 decks)

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