Unit 5 Mental and Physical Health Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
Health Psychology
A
Study of how physical health and wellness apply to behavior and mental processes.
2
Q
Stress
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State of tension caused by any thoughts or event that makes someone feel angry, frustrated, of nervous.
3
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Hypertension
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Combination of high blood pressure and high psychological stress.
4
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Immune Suppression
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Immune system is unable to respond to infections and diseases as well as it normally would (can be caused by stress).
5
Q
Stressors
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Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten their well-being.
6
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Eustress (Motivating)
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a positive (motivating) stress response that can be beneficial to a person’s well-being
7
Q
Distress (Debilitating)
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a negative (debilitating) type of stress that can cause unpleasant feelings, anxiety, and decreased performance
8
Q
Adverse Childhood Experiences
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traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life
9
Q
General Adaptation Syndrome
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describes a three-stage process the body goes through when exposed to any kind of stress, positive or negative
10
Q
Alarm Reaction Phase
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the first stage of GAS when the body reacts to a stressor with protective processes (fight-or-flight response)
11
Q
Flight-Fight-Freeze Response
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Involuntary, physical response to a sudden and immediate stressor that results in fight (facing a threat aggressively), flight (fleeing danger), or freeze (inability to move or act against a threat).
12
Q
Resistance Phase
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Second stage of GAS when the body attempts to resist or adapt to the stressor through continued activation of physiological responses.
13
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Exhaustion Phase
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Third stage of GAS when the body has depleted its resources and is unable to cope with stress.
14
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Tend-And-Befriend Theory
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Theory that humans, especially females, cope with stressors by nurturing others and self (tending) and seeking social support (befriending).
15
Q
Problem-Focused Coping
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technique that directly addresses a problem in order to eliminate or reduce its impact (actively working to change the situation that’s causing stress)
16
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Emotion-Focused Coping
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Technique that manages negative emotions in response to a stressor, rather than trying to change the stressor itself (often used when the problem can’t be changed or addressed).
17
Q
Positive Psychology
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study of human strengths and virtues which uses scientific principles to understand and improve human well-being
18
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Well-Being
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person’s overall sense of happiness and satisfaction with their life, including how they feel and function in their personal and social lives
19
Q
Resilience
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ability to adapt to challenging experiences, especially through behavioral, emotional, and mental flexibility as well as the ability to maintain well-being while facing adversity
20
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Positive Emotions
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pleasant or desirable responses that range from interest and contentment to love and joy (indicating overall well-being and enhancing future growth and success)
21
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Gratitude
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feeling of happiness and thankfulness in response to a gift, benefit, or fortunate happenstance
21
Q
Subjective Well-Being
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valued perceptions, emotions, and thoughts that are unique to each person such as gratitude, happiness, flow, contentment, and satisfaction
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Signature Strenghts
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personality traits that are central to an individual and which produce positive outcomes for themselves and others
23
Q
Positive Objective Experiences
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observable aspects of well-being (e.g., happiness)
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Happiness
mental state of well-being characterized by positive feelings such as joy, contentment, fulfillment, and life satisfaction
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Categories of Virtues
six classes of virtues (wisdom,
courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence) that are made up of 24 character strengths
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Post traumatic Growth
positive psychological change that some individuals experience after a life crisis or traumatic growth
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Dysfunction
Breakdown in a person's cognition, emotion, or behavior that indicates a significant issue with their psychological processes.
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Distress
State of emotional suffering characterized by depression and anxiety.
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Deviation from the Social Norm
Behavior significantly differing from societal expectations.
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Cultural/Societal Norms
shared beliefs, values, and behaviors that are expected of a society's members
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Stigma
negative social attitude towards a person's characteristic that is considered a physical, mental, or social deficiency
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Racism
when a person or group is mistreated, disadvantaged, harassed, or degraded because of their ethnicity
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Sexism
beliefs and behaviors that negatively evaluate people based on their gender, or that support unequal status between men and women
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Ageism
prejudice, discrimination, or stereotyping of people based on their age
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Discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
Reference book that provides a standardized guide for diagnosing mental health disorders.
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International Classification of Mental Disorders (ICD)
Global system published by the World Health Organization for classifying mental and physical health conditions, including mental and behavioral disorders.
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Eclectic Approach
Approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy that are tailored to a patient's needs.
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Behavioral Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive learned associations between or among responses to stimuli
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Maladaptive Learned Associations
abnormal behaviors or cognitive processes that are a result of learning and go against social norms
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Humanistic Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on a lack of social support and being unable to fulfill one's potential
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Cognitive Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or emotions
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Psychodynamic Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on unconscious thoughts and experiences, often developed during childhood
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Evolutionary Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on behaviors and mental processes that reduce the likelihood of survival
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Sociocultural Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on maladaptive social and cultural relationships and dynamics
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Biological Perspective
proposes that the causes of mental disorders focus on physiological or genetic issues
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Biopsychosocial Model
assumes that any psychological problem potentially involves a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors
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Diathesis-Stress Model
assumes that psychological disorders develop due to a genetic vulnerability (diathesis) in combination with stressful life experiences (stress)
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
group of disorders with onset occurring during the developmental period with a focus on whether the person is exhibiting behaviors appropriate for their age or maturity range.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
neurodevelopmental disorder that makes it difficult for people to focus and control their actions
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social communication and interaction along with restricted and repetitive patterns in behaviors, interests, and activities
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Schizophrenic Spectrum Disorders
serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices
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Delusions
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum involving false beliefs (may include delusions of persecution or grandeur)
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Hallucinations
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum related to false perceptions (may involve one or more of the senses)
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Disorganized Thinking
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by incoherent and disjointed thought processes
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Disorganized Speech
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by incoherent speech
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Disorganized Motor Behavior
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum characterized by unusual movements or behaviors that can range from childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation
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Negative Symptoms
on the schizophrenic spectrum, these are symptoms that involve a decrease or absence of normal behaviors (such as the lack of movement or emotional expression)
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Positive Symptoms
presence of psychotic behaviors on the schizophrenic spectrum such as hallucinations, delusions, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinking/speech/behavior
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Delusions of Persecution
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum involving a person believing they are being harmed or mistreated by others
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Delusions of Grandeur
positive symptom on the schizophrenic spectrum in which a person falsely believes they are more important or powerful than they actually are
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Word Salad
form of disorganized speech involving stringing together words in nonsensical ways
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Catatonia
symptom of disorganized motor behavior that is a positive symptom of schizophrenia in which someone is awake but does not seem to respond to other people and their environment
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Flat Affect
negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized by a lack of emotional expression
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Catatonic Stupor
negative symptom of schizophrenia characterized as unresponsiveness
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Depressive Disorders
mental disorders characterized by the presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to function
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Major Depressive Disorder
condition that causes a persistent low mood, loss of interest in activities, and feelings of hopelessness and sadness
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Dopamine Hypothesis
theory that schizophrenia is caused by imbalances with certain neurotransmitters which create an excess of dopamine in the brain
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Bipolar Disorders
serious mental illnesses that causes extreme mood swings, often unpredictably
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
chronic low-level depression that is not as severe, but may last longer Major Depressive Disorder (also known as dysthymia)
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Bipolar II Disorder
Type of bipolar disorder marked by at least one mildly manic (hypomanic) episode and at least one major depressive episode
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Cycling
aspect of bipolar disorders where a person experiences four or more distinct mood swings within a year
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Mania
aspect of bipolar disorders characterized by abnormal arousal
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Bipolar I Disorder
type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes
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Anxiety Disorders
mental health conditions characterized by excessive fear and/or anxiety with related disturbances to behavior
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Specific Phobia
an intense, irrational, and persistent fear of a particular object, situation, or activity that is much greater than the actual risk
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Acrophobia
a specific phobia involving an irrational and excessive fear of heights
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Arachnophobia
a specific phobia involving an irrational and excessive fear of spiders
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Agoraphobia
intense fear of specific social situations, including using public transportation, being in open spaces, being in enclosed spaces (e.g., shops, theaters, etc.), standing in line or being in a crowd, or being outside of the home alone
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Panic Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by repeated, unexpected panic attacks
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Panic Attack
unanticipated and overwhelming biological, cognitive, and
emotional experiences of anxiety
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Ataque de Nervios
Culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by people of
Caribbean or Iberian descent characterized by mental incapacitation fears, shakiness, chest tightness, palpitations, and a sense of inner heat.
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Social Anxiety Disorder
involves the intense fear of being judged or watched by others (may include agoraphobia)
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Taijin Kyofusho
Culture-bound anxiety disorder experienced mainly by Japanese people characterized by a fear that others are judging your body as undesirable, offensive, or unpleasing.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
prolonged experiences of nonspecific
anxiety characterized by chronic excessive worry along with three or more of the following: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
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Obsessions
unwanted, intrusive, and distressing thoughts or urges that are difficult to control
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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
overlapping disorders involving unwanted thoughts along with behaviors that drive a person to do something over and over
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Compulsions
repetitive actions or mental events that are performed to reduce distress or prevent a feared outcome
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Fugue
dissociative disorder characterized by sudden but temporary amnesia which may result in confusion about identity,
unexplained wandering, assuming a new identity
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Hoarding Disorder
a persistent difficulty discarding possessions even if they have no clear value
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Dissociative Disorder
mental health conditions involving a loss of connection between a person's sense of self, memories, and identity
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Dissociation
when a person disconnects from their thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity as a defense mechanism
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Dissociative Amnesia
dissociative disorder characterized by memory gaps (often related to a traumatic or stressful event)
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
a rare disorder in which a person seems to have two or more distinct personalities
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Trauma and Stressors-Related Disorders
various type of psychological
distress which can develop after a traumatic event or major life change
76
Flashbacks
vivid memory of a traumatic event that feels like it's happening in the present
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Hostility
symptom of trauma or stress characterized by a negative attitude towards others that can be expressed through feelings, thoughts, and actions
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PTSD
condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a traumatic event which may include distressing thoughts, avoidance, negative emotions, and hyperarousal
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Emotional Detatchment
symptom of trauma or stress characterized by an inability to fully connect with one's own or others' emotions
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Insomnia
Sleep disorder that involves difficulty falling or staying asleep.
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Hyper-vigilance
symptom of trauma or stress characterized by being abnormally alert, especially to potential threats
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Anorexia Nervosa
disorder characterized by a strong desire to lose weight, a low BMI, and habitually restrictive eating
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Bulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating (excessive consumption) and purging
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Feeding and Eating Disorders
serious illnesses marked by severe disturbances in a person's eating behaviors that significantly impair physical health or psychological functioning
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Personality Disorders
collection of conditions characterized by: persistent thoughts and behaviors which deviate from one's culture; pervasive and inflexible patterns; onset in adolescence or early
adulthood; stability over time; and personal distress or impairment
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Cluster A
Group of personality disorders that are characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors (includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders).
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A disorder characterized by a long-term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
Cluster A disorder characterized by limited interest in and ability to form relationships with others, a tendency to isolate oneself, and a lack of emotional expression
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster A disorder characterized by a pattern of distorted thinking, eccentric behaviors, and difficulty relating to others
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder characterized by a lack of empathy for others and a disregard for right and wrong (also known as sociopathic behavior)
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Cluster B
Group of personality disorders that are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors (includes antisocial,
histrionic, narcissistic, and borderline
personality disorders).
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Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and a lack of empathy (exaggerated sense of self, lack of empathy, exploitive behaviors, arrogance)
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Histrionic Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder characterized by attention-seeking behaviors and exaggerated emotions (like dramatic, impulsive, and flirtatious behaviors)
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Cluster C
Group of personality disorders that are characterized by anxious or fearful behaviors (includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders).
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
Cluster C disorder involving an excessive fear of rejection and a strong sensitivity to criticism
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Borderline Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder involving an inability to regulate emotions and characterized by instability in relationships, mood, and self-image
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Dependent Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder involving an excessive need for care from others (submissive, clingy, relying on others to make decisions)
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Psychotropic Medication
Any drug that treats mental illness by altering the brain and nervous system's chemical balance.
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Evidence-Based Interventions
therapeutic treatments designed with the best available research that also consider patients' unique needs and preferences (also knowns as Evidence-Based Practice)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Cluster B disorder involving a preoccupation with control, perfectionism, and organization
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Therapeutic Alliance
Bond of trust between a patient and therapist and their agreement to work together for the patient's well-being
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Cultural Humility
practice of therapists who honor a patient's beliefs, customs, and values while being aware of their own limitations and biases
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Nonmaleficence
Ethical principle of not causing intentional harm to a patient.
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Integrity
Ethical principle that psychologists promote honesty and accuracy in their professional work. Avoid in engaging in deception or misrepresentation.
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Fidelity
Ethical principle faithfulness
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Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
Recognizing and honoring the inherent worth of all individuals, ensuring privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination. Treating clients with fairness and respect.
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Psychodynamic Therapies
Focus on uncovering unconscious conflicts and past experiences to understand current behaviors and emotions.
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Free Association
The patient speaking freely about thoughts, feelings, and memories that come to mind. Helps to uncover unconscious conflicts and underlying issues.
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Dream Interpretation
Analyzing the content of dreams to uncover unconscious thoughts and feelings, providing insights into unresolved conflicts and underlying psychological issues.
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Fear Hierarchies
Form of exposure therapy to treat phobias in which a patient makes a list of feared situations ranked from least to most anxiety-provoking.
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Cognitive Therapies
treatments based on the theory that when a person changes their thoughts (as opposed to their behaviors), they can change how they feel and how they respond.
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Cognitive Restructuring
Therapy that helps a patient: identify their negative or irrational beliefs, refute them, and modify them so they are adaptive and reasonable.
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Combating Maladaptive Thinking
Process of changing harmful thought patterns into more realistic ones.
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Cognitive Triad
A person's negative thoughts about themselves, their world, and their future,
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Exposure Therapies
treatments for anxieties that safely expose people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid
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Applied Behavior Analysis
therapy that uses principles of conditioning to address mental
disorders and developmental disabilities
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Systematic Desensitization
treatment for phobias that gradually exposes a person to a feared stimulus while they are relaxed
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Aversion Therapies
treatments that pair a negative behavior with a negative stimulus to reduce or eliminate the behavior
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Token Economies
behavioral management technique that uses tokens to reward desired behaviors
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies (CBT)
therapy based on the idea that thoughts and behaviors reinforce each other and that changing these can make a person feel better
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Dialectical Behavior Therapy
A CBT treatment that helps people learn to accept reality and manage their emotions and relationship skills.
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Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A CBT treatment that that helps people identify self-defeating thoughts and feelings, challenge the nature of irrational and unproductive feelings, and replace them with healthier beliefs.
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Biofeedback
technique that uses external devices to monitor a person's physiological state with the goal of controlling bodily functions to improve health
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Person-Centered Therapy
Focuses on providing a supportive environment where clients can achieve self-discovery and personal growth. Emphasizes empathy, unconditional positive regard, and genuineness from therapist.
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Unconditional Positive Regard
Attitude of complete acceptance and support that a therapist offers to a client, regardless of what the client says or does, fostering a safe and nonjudgmental therapeutic environment.
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Active Listening
Involves the therapist fully concentrating, understanding, responding, and remembering what the client says, demonstrating empathy and validating the client's feelings and experiences.
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Group Therapy
Therapy conducted with multiple participants led by one or more therapists. Supports group members and helps them feel less isolated.
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Hypnosis
State of consciousness characterized by focused attention, increased suggestibility, and heightened mental relaxation used by therapists to treat pain and anxiety.
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Psychoactive Medication
drugs that interact with specific neurotransmitters in the central nervous system to address possible biochemical causes of mental disorders
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Antianxiety Drugs
Psychoactive medications that slow down brain activity and increase serotonin levels to alleviate fear, dread, uneasiness, and muscle tightness.
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Antiedepressants
Psychoactive medications that alter the brain's use of neurotransmitters to improve mood and behavior.
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Lithium
Psychoactive medication used as a mood stabilizer (most commonly for bipolar disorder, mania, and depression).
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Antipsychotic Medications
psychoactive medications that are used to treat symptoms of psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions
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Tardive Dyskinesia
Side effect of long-term use of traditional psychoactive medications in which people have uncontrollable movements, tremors, or spasms.
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Psychosurgery
surgical procedures on brain tissue that remove or disconnect nerve pathways to treat mental disorders
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Lesioning
form of psychosurgery involving the removal or destruction of part of the brain
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Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
non-invasive intervention that uses magnetic fields to stimulate the brain (used for depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and other conditions)
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Lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients by cutting the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
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Electroconvulsive Therapy
Treatment that uses electric shock to induce a seizure in the brain most commonly for drug-resistant or severe disorders.
