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AP Psychology > unit 4a Development > Flashcards

unit 4a Development Flashcards

(96 cards)

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1
Q

Chronological Development

A

The various periods of life and the typical years of life these happen.

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2
Q

Continuous Development

A

The idea that changes with age are cumulative and occur gradually.

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3
Q

Discontinuous Development

A

The idea that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times of ages.

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4
Q

Lifespan Development

A

The study of patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span.

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5
Q

Stability and Change

A

Stability refers to traits and behaviors that remain more or less constant throughout a person’s life, while change refers to traits and behaviors that are more fluid and flexible.

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6
Q

Nature and Nurture

A

The debate of whether genetics or environment is primarily responsible for driving behavior.

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

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8
Q

Fine Motor Coordination

A

Using small muscle groups for controlled movements, particularly in object manipulation.

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9
Q

Maturation

A

The emergence of psychological and behavioral characteristics over time; a process occurring in stages which are governed by genes.

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10
Q

Reflexes

A

Involuntary, automatic responses to sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.

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11
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

A baby’s tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple.

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12
Q

Visual Cliff

A

A laboratory test of depth perception for infants and young animals.

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13
Q

Critical Periods

A

Times in the developmental sequence during which a person must experience certain kinds of social or sensory experiences for the normal development of a particular behavior.

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14
Q

Sensitive Periods

A

Times in development when a person is particularly open to learning a certain skill.

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15
Q

Imprinting

A

Rapid learning process where animals form a strong attachment to the first thing they see or hear in critical period after birth. Essential for survival and specific behavior.

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16
Q

Growth Spurt

A

A relatively sudden and rapid period of physical growth during puberty.

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17
Q

Puberty

A

The period of maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.

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18
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures that make sexual reproduction possible.

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19
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Aspects of sexual maturity not directly related to reproduction, such as voice quality, facial hair, and breast size.

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20
Q

Menarche

A

First occurrence of menstruation.

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21
Q

Spermarche

A

First occurrence of ejaculation.

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22
Q

Menopause

A

Natural cessation of menstruation as a woman’s ability to reproduce declines.

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23
Q

Schemas

A

A concept of framework that helps organize and interpret information.

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24
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting new experiences according to existing schemas and adapting them into one’s collection of schemas.

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25
Accomodation
When new information causes a person to modify their current understandings/schemas.
26
Sensorimotor Stage
Piaget's Theory, Birth-2yo, infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.
27
Preoperational Stage
Piaget's Theory, 2-6/7yo, children learn to use language but do not comprehend mental operations of concrete logic.
28
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget's Theory, 7-11yo, cognitive development stage during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
29
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget's Theory, 12-adult, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
30
Object Permanence
Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.
31
Mental Symbols
Mental concepts that represent real objects.
32
Pretend Play
Make-believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations, acting as if they were in a different situation.
33
Conservation
Principle of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in form.
34
Reversibility
Understanding that some things that have been changed can be returned to their original state.
35
Animism
Belief that objects have lifelike qualities and are therefore capable of having feelings, intentions and emotions.
36
Egocentrism
Characteristic of the preoperational Stage in which a child has difficulty taking another person's point of view.
37
Theory of Mind
Awareness that others have mental states such as knowledge, intentions, and beliefs, and that these might differ from one's own.
38
Systematic Thinking
Approaching problems in a rational step-by-step and analytic fashion.
39
Abstract Thinking
Thinking in terms of symbols, ideas, and concepts.
40
Hypothetical Thinking
Thinking that is based on what is possible and not just what is real even when this conflicts with what is accepted as true.
41
Scaffolding
Breaking down new information/skills into pieces that are digestible for a learner.
42
Zone of Proximal Development
Difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can f with guidance and encouragement from a skilled coach or partner.
43
Crystallized Intelligence
Person's general knowledge, vocabulary, and reasoning based on acquired information.
44
Fluid Intelligence
Reasoning ability and the use of new information for learning and problem solving.
45
Phonemes
Smallest units of sound that are recognizable as human speech.
46
Morphemes
Smallest units of meaning withing a language.
47
Dementia
Slowly progressive decline in cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personality changes.
48
Grammar
Set of rules in a language that explain how parts of speech are used in both writing and speaking.
49
Syntax
Rules in a language for arranging words into grammatically sensible sentences, clauses and phrases.
50
Cooing
Vowel-like noises made by infants, beginning around 2mo.
51
Babbling
Stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant experiments with articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words.
52
Telegraphic Speech
When children use simple sentences, often composed of just a noun and verb, that adhere to the basic rules of grammar.
53
One-Word Stage
Stage in speech development from about 9-18 months during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
54
Semantics
Study of meaning in a language and how people learn to understand what utterances in a language communicate.
55
Ecological Systems Theory
How social environment influences development. Includes 5 systems (microsytem, mesosystem, exosystem, microsystem, and chronosystem.)
56
Over-generalization of Language Rules
When children use grammar in an irregular way as they are learning the rules.
57
Microsystem
Individual's immediate environment which includes the people the person interacts with daily, having the most direct, immediate impact on the individual.
58
Mesosystem
Connection of two or more microsystems, such as a child's home and school.
59
Exosystem
Environments in which an individual is not an active participant, yet these still impact the person's development.
60
Macrosystem
Collection of broad systems that surround an individual such as cultural values, laws, and social customs.
61
Chronosystem
All of the experiences a person has had during their lifetime, including environmental events, major life transitions, and historical events.
62
Authoritarian Parenting
Parenting style in which a parent is rigid and overly strict, shows little warmth.
63
Authoritative Parenting
Parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making.
64
Permissive Parenting
Parenting style in which few, if any, demands are made on a child's behavior.
65
Attachment Styles
Theory about the early bonds between infants and their parents/caregivers with the idea that babies need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival.
66
Secure Attachment
Relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver.
67
Insecure Attachment
Characterized by lack of trust, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors; results from trauma, neglect, or abuse.
68
Avoidant Attachment
Characterized by physical and emotional independence from a caregiver; results from a caregiver who does not show nurturing other than providing necessities such as food and shelter.
69
Anxious Attachment
Characterized by insecurity, fear of abandonment, and mistrust; results from a caregiver who fails to give attention and show affection in a dependable way.
70
Disorganized Attachment
Characterized by conflicting feelings of wanting to be cared for while simultaneously being intensely afraid of such a relationship; results from a parent who repeatedly causes a state of fear in a child.
71
Separation Anxiety
Excessive fear or distress about separation from a caregiver.
72
Temperament
Individual's basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin.
73
Parallel Play
Children play side by side with similar toys without interacting.
74
Imaginary Audience
Common adolescent belief that they are under constant close observation by peers, family, and even strangers.
75
Personal Fable
Common adolescent belief that they are unique, so none of life's dangers or difficulties will affect them regardless of their behavior.
76
Social Clock
The cultural timeline set by a society on what should happen at given stages of life.
77
Emerging Adulthood
Period from about age 18 to 25 when adolescents gradually rely less on parents and develop adult level commitments toward romantic relationships and work.
78
Stage Theory of Psycho-social Development
Erikson's theory that personality is shaped in a sequence of eight stages that occur over time and through the influence of other people.
79
Trust and Mistrust
Period where infants develop sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers.
80
Autonomy and Shame and Doubt
Period where toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected.
81
Initiative and Guilt
Period during which children experience conflict between independent actions and the sometimes negative results of their actions.
82
Industry and Inferiority
Period from age 6 to 12 when children develop confidence in their own efforts and are able to respond to feedback from adults about their efforts.
83
Identity and Role Confusion
Period when adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self and what makes them unique.
84
Intimacy and Isolation
Period during early adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of close relationships.
85
Generativity and Stagnation
Time of adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of making a positive contribution to the world while dealing with being unproductive or lacking a sense of purpose.
86
Integrity and Despair
Older individuals reflect on their life and come away with a sense of fulfillment (a life well-lived) or a sense of regret (a life misspent).
87
Achievement (Adolescent Identity Development)
Status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives
88
Diffusion (Adolescent Identity Development)
When an adolescent has not yet developed a firm identity, or their identity is in a state of crisis and they haven't committed to a resolution
89
Foreclosure
When an adolescent has not explored other identities, but is committed to one or more choices
90
Moratorium
When an adolescent is actively exploring their identity but has yet to make a commitment
91
Racial/Ethnic Identity
Sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feelings that are associated with that membership
92
Sexual Orientation
Person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted
93
Religious Identity
Sense of group membership in a religion and the importance of this membership as it pertains to one's self-concept.
94
Occupational Identity
Conscious awareness of oneself as a worker and how you feel about your occupation.
95
Familial Identity
Sense of group membership in a family and the importance of this group membership as it pertains to one's self-concept.
96
Possible Selves
Individuals' ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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