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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Part 1 - Terminology > Flashcards

Unit 5 Part 1 - Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of info

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2
Q

recall

A

person retrieves information learned earlier
(ex: fill-in-the-blank test)

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3
Q

recognition

A

person identifies items previously learned
(ex: multiple choice test)

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4
Q

relearning

A

assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

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5
Q

encoding

A

the process of getting info into the memory system

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6
Q

storage

A

process of retaining encoded info over time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

process of getting info out of memory storage

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8
Q

parallel processing

A

processing many factors of something simultaneously and unconsciously
common mode of info processing for brain

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9
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info into memory system

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10
Q

overlearning

A

repeated rehearsal of info that improves retention of it

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11
Q

short-term memory

A

holds few pieces of info briefly before forgetting or storing them
(ex: phone number)

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12
Q

working memory

A

short-term definition but more in depth
adds conscious processing of current auditory and visual info, and processing of info retrieved from long-term memory

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13
Q

long-term memory

A

mostly permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system
knowledge, skills, experiences

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14
Q

explicit memory, declarative memory

A

retention of facts and experiences that can be consciously known and declared

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15
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and effort

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16
Q

automatic processing (4)

A

unconscious encoding of incidental info
space, time, frequency, well-learned info (ex: language)

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17
Q

implicit memory, nondeclarative memory

A

learned skills or classically conditioned associations
not consciously retrieved

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18
Q

iconic memory

A

sensory memory of visual stimuli
no more than few tenths of a second

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19
Q

echoic memory

A

sensory memory of auditory stimuli
sounds and words can be recalled 3-4 seconds after heard (even if distracted)

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20
Q

chunking

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units
(ex: hierarchies)
often automatic

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21
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids
techniques that use vivid imagery or organizational devices (ex: acronyms)

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22
Q

spacing effect

A

distributed study or practice tends to yield better long-term retention than cramming

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23
Q

testing effect, retrieval practice effect, test-enhanced learning

A

enhance memory by retrieving info rather than rereading it

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24
Q

shallow processing

A

encoding at basic level
based on structure or appearance of words
(ex: writing “there” instead of “their”)

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25
Q

deep processing

A

encoding semantically, meaning of words
better retention than shallow processing

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26
Q

semantic memory

A

explicit, conscious memory system (1 of 2)
facts and general knowledge

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27
Q

episodic memory

A

explicit, conscious memory system (1 of 2)
personally experienced events

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28
Q

hippocampus

A

temporal-node neural center in limbic system
processes explicit, conscious memories
loading dock for memories; transfers them elsewhere

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29
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

processes working/short-term memories

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30
Q

memory consolidation

A

process of transferring and storing long-term memories away from hippocampus (where they’re processed)
done while sleeping

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31
Q

cerebellum

A

forms and stores implicit memories made through classical conditioning
(ex: flinching because of sound of air)

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32
Q

basal ganglia

A

forms procedural or skill implicit memories
(ex: learning to ride a bike)

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33
Q

infantile amnesia

A

lack of memories from before 4 years old

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34
Q

amygdala

A

processes and stores emotional memories
(ex: trauma)
flashbulb memories

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35
Q

flashbulb memories

A

clear, sustained memories of emotionally significant event
processed by amygdala

36
Q

long-term potentiation (LPT)

A

cell’s firing potential increases after brief, rapid stimulation
neural basis for learning and memory
physical basis for memory

37
Q

retrieval cues

A

used to recall memories; often senses
(ex: remember answer of question on test by tasting the same gum chewed while studying)

38
Q

priming, memoryless memory

A

activation of particular association in memory
unconscious
(ex: saw mcdonalds ad earlier in day, so now want mcdonalds)

39
Q

encoding specificity principle

A

idea that cues and contexts specific to a memory are effective when trying to recall it
memories are context-dependent

40
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

tendency to recall memories consistent with your current mood

41
Q

state-congruent memory

A

being in a similar situation as one in a memory will cause you to recall that memory
(ex: standing in childhood home reminds you of memories from that house)

42
Q

serial position effect

A

tendency to best recall only the first and the last items in a list

43
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to form new memories

44
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to retrieve or recall old memories

45
Q

proactive interference

A

old information disrupts the recall of new information
(ex: using old password after just changing it to a new one)

46
Q

retroactive interference

A

when new info disrupts the recall of old info
(ex: after getting a new locker combination, you only remember the new one and forget your old one)

47
Q

repression

A

psychoanalytic theory; controversial
hides from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

48
Q

reconsolidation

A

memories get altered every time they are recalled
are our memories fake?

49
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading info distorts a memory of an event
(ex: told that as a kid you got sick from a food, so now you avoid that food)

50
Q

imagination effect

A

imagining something occurred can eventually make someone believe it actually happened

51
Q

source amnesia, source misattribution

A

faulty info for how, when, or where info was learned or imagined

52
Q

divergent thinking (and how it is measured)

A

can determine many solutions to a problem
measured in originality, fluency, flexibility, and elaboration

53
Q

convergent thinking

A

come to a single answer
(ex: multiple choice question)
spatial, verbal, and mathematical

54
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

55
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

56
Q

prototype

A

best example of a category
(ex: crow is prototype of birds)

57
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas

58
Q

algorithm (pro + con)

A

pro: methodical and logical rule or procedure that guarantees solution to a problem
con: requires time and effort

59
Q

heuristic (pro + con)

A

thinking shortcut; strategy based
pro: quick and efficient problem solving and judgements
con: increased risk of errors compared to algorithms

60
Q

insight (con)

A

sudden aha! reaction; not strategy based
con: not guaranteed to occur

61
Q

confirmation bias (pro + con)

A

pro: can quickly find evidence supporting own side
con: cannot recognize contradictory evidence as easily

62
Q

fixation (con)

A

cannot view problems from new angle
con: hinders divergent thinking and creativity

63
Q

functional fixation

A

cannot use an object for anything other than its intended purpose

64
Q

intuition (pro + con)

A

fast and automatic feelings and thoughts
pro: super adaptive
con: overfeel and underthink

65
Q

mental set

A

tendency to approach problem in one specific way that was successful in the past
(ex: procrastination)

66
Q

overconfidence (pro + con)

A

overestimate correctness of beliefs and judgements
pro: happier on average
con: increased risk of errors

67
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

determine likelihood of events based on how well they match a specific prototype
(ex: “small nerdy poetry guy is an english professor” actually a truck driver)

68
Q

availability heuristic

A

determine likelihood of event based on most readily available memory even if unreasonable
(ex: people fear sharks more than guns, but guns kill more)

69
Q

framing

A

wording something for a specific response
(ex: “evil villain” vs “misunderstood character”)

70
Q

language

A

spoken, written, and signed words and the ways they’re combined to form a meaning

71
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sounds in language
not the same as letters
(ex: “b”)
english has about 40

72
Q

morphemes

A

smallest sounds in language that hold meaning
(ex: “reader” —> “read,” “er,” “s”)

73
Q

grammar

A

rules of a language
semantics (meaning from sounds)
syntax (order of words in sentences)

74
Q

babbling stage

A

4 months: random sounds unrelated to household language
10 months: related to household language

75
Q

one-word stage

A

1-2 years: kid speaks in single word sentences

76
Q

two-word stage

A

2 years: kid speaks in two word statements
often in telegraphic speech

77
Q

telegraphic speech

A

spoken like a telegram
(ex: “go car”)

78
Q

aphasia (Broca’s and Wernicke’s)

A

impairment of language
damage to Broca’s area: impairs speaking
damage to Wernicke’s area: impairs understanding

79
Q

Broca’s area

A

controls speech
in left hemisphere of frontal lobe

80
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

involved in language comprehension
in left temporal lobe

81
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the idea that language controls the way we think
outdated and extreme

82
Q

linguistic influence

A

the idea that language influences the way we think based on culture
(ex: English has a word for every number, so we can count. another language only counts to two, so they cannot process the difference in amounts)

83
Q

primacy effect

A

tendency for people to remember the beginning of a list rather than the middle

84
Q

recency effect

A

the tendency of people to remember things at the end of a list rather than the middle

85
Q

belief perseverence

A

maintaining a belief despite information that strongly contradicts it

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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