Unit 5 Review

Question 1

What is the molecular shape of DNA in which two strands of nucleotides wind around each other in a spiral shape?

Answer 1

Double helix

Question 2

What is the sequence for the complementary daughter strand based on the following original parent strand TTA TAG CTA

Answer 2

AAT ATC GAT

Question 3

Which enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix in the process of DNA replication?

Answer 3

DNA helicase

Question 4

DNA is synthesized using_____ replication?

Answer 4

Semi-conservative

Question 5

What are the steps of DNA replication?

Answer 5

DNA helicase: unwinds the DNA double helix; RNA primase: build a primer of RNA nucleotides; DNA polymerase 3: forms the daughter strand; DNA polymerase 1: replaces primer with DNA; DNA ligase: seals the fragments on the lagging strand

Question 6

What is the location of DNA within the cell during transcription and translation?

Answer 6

In the nucleus

Question 7

What are the main differences between RNA and DNA?

Answer 7

DNA: double helix, G-C, A-T, nucleus only
RNA: single strand, G-C, A-U, nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 8

What is a missense mutation?

Answer 8

A point mutation that causes one amino acid to replace the amino acid originally intended

Question 9

Provide a description of the three types of RNA

Answer 9

mRNA, transcribes DNA code for determining the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide; tRNA, transports amino acids to ribosomes during translation; rRNA, forms ribosomes with proteins

Question 10

What are the steps of translation?

Answer 10

The mRNA moves to and is read by the ribosome.
The ribosome builds in the specific tRNA with the correct amino acid by matching the anticodone to the codone.
The ribosome takes the amino acid off the tRNA and attaches it to elongating polypeptide chain until the mRNA contains a stop codon

Question 11

What is an organism whose genome has been artificially changed?

Answer 11

GMO or genetically modified organism

Question 12

Rice that has an added gene that causes the production and storing of vitamin A

Answer 12

Golden Rice

Question 13

What is a plasmid?

Answer 13

A small circular molecule of DNA found in bacteria that replicates independently of the main bacterial chromosome and can be used as vectors to transport DNA into bacteria in genetic engineering applications

Question 14

What is PCR or polymerase chain reaction?

Answer 14

A technique used to make multiple copies of DNA fragments

Question 15

What are the stages of PCR?

Answer 15

Denaturation - annealing - elongation

Question 16

What is gene therapy?

Answer 16

Genes are transferred into a person cells to correct a genetic defect

Question 17

What is a mutation?

Answer 17

A permanent change in DNA sequence

Question 18

What are the components of a nucleotide?

Answer 18

The sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), nitrogenous base (GCAT/U) and three phosphate groups

Question 19

What is the central dogma of biology

Answer 19

DNA to RNA (transcription)
RNA to protein (translation)

Question 20

What is the term for when genes from different species are inserted into a current cultivar?

Answer 20

Transgenesis

Question 21

Who are the scientists who discovered the accurate molecular shape of DNA?

Answer 21

Chargoff- base pair rule
Watson and Crick- first accurate model
Franklin- first x-ray crystalography of DNA
Wilkins- shared photo

Question 22

Which enzyme is responsible for removing the RNA primer and replacing it with DNA in the process of DNA replication

Answer 22

DNA polymerase 1

Question 23

Which point mutations brings in the same amino acid due to redundancy in the genetic code?

Answer 23

Silent mutation

Question 24

What technique is used to separate DNA fragments according to size in the process of DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 24

Gel electrophoresis

Question 25

What does the acronym CRISPR stand for

Answer 25

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

Question 26

What is an organism that receives DNA from a different organism of the same species such as the red flesh apples?

Answer 26

Cisgenic organisms or cysgenesis

Question 27

Which enzyme involved in genetic engineering recognize a specific target nucleotide sequence in DNA and break the DNA at the target. E.g. the scissors of genetic engineering

Answer 27

Restriction Endonucleases

Question 28

Many of our domesticated animals and agricultural products have changed over time to demonstrate desirable traits via selective crossovers. This is known as?

Answer 28

Conventional breeding

Question 29

What process involves the nucleus from a donor egg cell being replaced with a nucleus from a second organism, which was allowed to divide to the blastocyst stage before being implanted in a surrogate mother?

Answer 29

Cloning

Question 30

What enzyme is responsible for a transcription

Answer 30

RNA polymerase

Question 31

What steps occur to pre- mRNA before it is the mature mRNA that leaves the nucleus

Answer 31

Splicing, cap, tail

Question 32

What is the main takeaway from the human genome project

Answer 32

The non-coding regions of DNA are much more significant than previously thought

Question 33

Give one example of a missense mutation and one of a frame shift mutation

Answer 33

Missense- sickle cell anemia Frame shift- thalassemia

Question 34

Describe a phosphodiester bond as its role in the structure of DNA

Answer 34

The phosphodiester bond builds the backbone of the DNA connecting sugar to phosphate to sugar to phosphate

Question 35

What type of bond connects one amino acid to another in the growing peptide

Answer 35

Peptide bond

Question 36

What are the two important sites on a tRNA

Answer 36

AA or amino acid attachment site and the anticodone

Question 37

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together in a double helix

Answer 37

Hydrogen bond

Question 38

The genetic code is said to be_________, It is the same code for most every organism.

Answer 38

Universal

Question 39

Which type of mutation causes translation to stop by bringing in a releasing factor instead of the originally intended amino acid

Answer 39

Nonsense mutation

Question 40

What is the term that means the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make useful products

Answer 40

Biotechnology

Question 41

What type of stem cell can result in entirely new organism

Answer 41

Totipotent stem cell collected within 72 hours of fertilization

Question 42

What are the three types of stem cells

Answer 42

Totipotent: new organism (within 72 hours) Pluripotent: >200 cell types (within 2 weeks) Multi-potent: specific cell line (>2 week- adult)

Question 43

What is the term for an individual's unique array of short tandem repeats that can be used for forensics or paternity tests

Answer 43

DNA Fingerprinting

Question 44

What is an example of eukaryotic gene expression based on the coiling of chromantin

Answer 44

Epigenetics

Question 45

What is a group of functionally related genes on a prokaryotic chromosome that are switched on or off together

Answer 45

Operon

Question 46

What conditions lead to transcription of the lac operon

Answer 46

Lactose is present and glucose is limited

Question 47

Does DNA methylation turn on or off Gene expression?

Answer 47

DNA methylation turns off gene expression

Question 48

Transcription and translation occurs simultaneously and regulation of gene expression occurs primarily at the transcription level in which organism

Answer 48

Prokaryotes

Question 49

What are the site of proteins that work with the enhancers to turn on transcription

Answer 49

Transcription factors