unit 5 vocab | 1 +2+3

Question 1

agriculture

Answer 1

the process by which humans alter the landscape in order to raise crops and livestock for consumption and trade

Question 2

subsistence farming

Answer 2

when farmers consume the crops that they grow and raise, usually using simple tools and manual labor; raising food they need to live

Question 3

animal domestication

Answer 3

raising and caring for animals by humans for protection or food

Question 4

plant domestication

Answer 4

the growing of crops that people planted, raised, and harvested, probably began after animal domestication

Question 5

Columbian Exchange

Answer 5

the global movement of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas

Question 6

terrace farming

Answer 6

when farmers build a series of steps into the side of a hill

Question 7

irrigation

Answer 7

the process of diverting water form its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops

Question 8

carrying capacity

Answer 8

the number of crops or people that an area can support

Question 9

deforestation

Answer 9

the removal of large tracts of forest, has occurred throughout human history

Question 10

desertification

Answer 10

the transition of land from fertile to desert

Question 11

slash-and-burn agriculture

Answer 11

all vegetation in an area of forest is cut down and burned in place, is likely one of the earliest agricultural practices

Question 12

commercial agriculture

Answer 12

when farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit

Question 13

Enclosure Acts

Answer 13

a series of laws enacted by the British government that enabled landowners to purchase and enclose land for their own use that had previously been common land used by peasant farmers

Question 14

Green Revolution

Answer 14

the development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, faster-growing varieties of grains

Question 15

hybrids

Answer 15

the process of breeding together two plants that have desirable characteristics

Question 16

GMOs

Answer 16

a process by which humans use engineering techniques to change the DNA of a seed

Question 17

Machinery

Answer 17

agricultural technologies assisted in production and challenges traditional labor-intensive farming practices

Question 18

first agricultural recolution

Answer 18

the origin of farming

Question 19

second agricultural revolution

Answer 19

1700s, used the advances of the industrial revolution to increase food supplies and support population growth

Question 20

third agricultural revolution

Answer 20

1960s; includes the green rev.

Question 21

pastoral nomadism

Answer 21

is when people travel from place to place with their herds of domesticated animals (subsistence + in LDC); practiced in arid/semi-arid climates

Question 22

ranching

Answer 22

when livestock graze over large areas while the owners remain in the same place (commercial agri. + in MDC)

Question 23

shifting cultuvations

Answer 23

when farmers move from one field to another (aka slash-and-burn, swidden agri)

Question 24

crop rotation

Answer 24

when farmers change which crops are grown within a field

Question 25

plantation agriculture

Answer 25

the use of plantations; a large farm that specializes in one crop (commercial + found in low lats, hot+humind climates w/ substantial precipitation

Question 26

mixed crop/livestock farming

Answer 26

an integrated system where the majority of the are grown to be fed directly to livestock; MDC

Question 27

grain farming

Answer 27

when farmers (in regions too dry) raise wheat/grains

Question 28

commercial gardening

Answer 28

where products were traditionally driven to urban market to be sold; market gardening or truck farming

Question 29

dairy farming

Answer 29

the creation of dairy products; exists in some LDC and more MDC

Question 30

milk shed

Answer 30

the geographic distance that milk is delivered

Question 31

mediterranean agriculture

Answer 31

practiced in regions w/ hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and some sort of irrigation system; where herders often practice transhumance

Question 32

transhumance

Answer 32

the seasonal herding of animals from higher elevations in the summer to lower elevations and valleys in the winter

Question 33

livestock ranching

Answer 33

the grazing of animals confined to a specific area; commercial

Question 34

extensive farming

Answer 34

agri. that uses fewer inputs of capital and pard labor relative to the amount of space being used

Question 35

intensive farming

Answer 35

agri. that involves greater inputs of capital and paid labor relative to the space being used

Question 36

double cropping

Answer 36

technique to maximize output on a small amount of land

Question 37

intercropping

Answer 37

method when farmers grow two or more crops simultaneously on the same field; aka multicropping

Question 38

feed lots

Answer 38

confined spaces in which cattle an dhogs have limited movement

Question 39

agribusiness

Answer 39

the integration of various steps of production in the food-processing industry; includes large-scale commercial agri. + the steps of processing and productions, transportation, marketing, retail, research and development

Question 40

supply chain

Answer 40

the system of resources, producer transportation, communication, information, and consumers

Question 41

vertical integration

Answer 41

when a company owns several smaller businesses involved in different steps in developing a product

Question 42

monoculture

Answer 42

the raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land

Question 43

suitcase farm

Answer 43

no one lives on the farm and the harvesting and planting is preformed by farmers who live nearby or by migratory labor

Question 44

commodity chain

Answer 44

a process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and then transport them to consumers

Question 45

cool chains

Answer 45

transportation networks that keep food cool throughout a trip

Question 46

luxury crops

Answer 46

ones not essential to human survival but that have a high profit margin

Question 47

neocolonialism

Answer 47

the use of economic, political, and social pressures to control former colonies

Question 48

fair trade movement

Answer 48

was an effort to promote higher incomes for producers and for more sustainable farming practices; increased prices for consumers, but provide a bigger share of $$ to producers and growers in LDC

Question 49

subsides

Answer 49

public support to farmers to ensure that consumers have a dependable + low-cost supply of food; often provided by govs. of MDC

Question 50

infrastructure

Answer 50

roads, bridges, tunnels, ports, etc

Question 51

spring wheat

Answer 51

grown in early spring and harvested early autumn; colder regions

Question 52

winter wheat

Answer 52

grown in fall, harvested in early summer; in warmer regions

Question 53

clustered settlements

Answer 53

groups of homes located near each other in a hamlet or village

Question 54

dispersed settlements

Answer 54

a pattern in which farmers in homes spread throughout the countryside

Question 55

metes and bounds system

Answer 55

-bounds cover larger areas + were based on larger features; streams or roads

Question 56

townships

Answer 56

areas 6 miles wide and long

Question 57

section

Answer 57

aka: a square mile; 640 acres; can be divided into smaller lots

Question 58

french long-lot system

Answer 58

when farms were long thin sections of land that ran perpendicular to a river; Quebec + Louisiana

Question 59

isotropic

Answer 59

flat + featurless

Question 60

horticulture

Answer 60

a type of agri. that includes market gardening/truck farming, and dairying; produces perishable items

Question 61

bit rent curve

Answer 61

aka bid price curve; used to indicate the staring position for each land use relative to the market, as well as where each land would end

Question 62

non-isotropic

Answer 62

land with unique physical features; river, mountains, etc

Question 63

comparative advantage

Answer 63

naturally occurring beneficial conditions that would allow farmers to plant crops different from those predicted by von Thunen's model

Question 64

multiple markets

Answer 64

von Thunen's assumption that farmers had one primary market, but they often have secondary markets as well

Question 65

greenbelt

Answer 65

an area of recreational parks or other underdeveloped land, rather than a source of fuel

Question 66

genetically modified organisms (GMOs)

Answer 66

plants or animals are modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species (done by scientists)

Question 67

aquaculture

Answer 67

the practice of raising and harvesting fish and other forms of food that live in water; blue revolution

Question 68

open-pen systems

Answer 68

a system in which a cage or net is moored to the seafloor and the farm fish are able to interact w/ wild surroundings (to an extent)

Question 69

monocropping

Answer 69

specializing in one crop; monoculture

Question 70

overgraze

Answer 70

damage to grasslands to the extent that the vegetation will not refresh itself even after the animals leave

Question 71

fair trade movement

Answer 71

designed to get more money into the hands of the small farmers in poor countries who actually raise the crops, rather than supporting large transnational corps. that manage trade in these products

Question 72

"eat local"

Answer 72

seeking out foods produced nearby

Question 73

modern chemical farming

Answer 73

utilizing synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides

Question 74

organic farming

Answer 74

more expensive than chem. farming; more profitable through further intensification