Unit 5 Vocab

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

Locke’s believed that human nature is characterized by reason and tolerance. He advanced governmental separation of powers and believed that revolution is not only a right but an obligation in some some circumstances.

Question 2

Baron Montesquieu

Answer 2

Believed the main purpose of government is to maintain law order, political, liberty, and property of the individual. He favored the English government system separation of power.

Question 3

Jean J. Rousseau

Answer 3

Re conceived the social contract. Social contract was that the people would give up some rights to be protected by the government.

Question 4

Voltaire

Answer 4

Tolerance of church and state. He believed that government must protect basic rights such as freedom of speech and religion. He believed that no religion or religious group should be favored by government.

Question 5

Adam Smith

Answer 5

Saw laissez-faire as a moral program and the market its instrument to ensure men the right of natural law. He wanted governments hands off of the market.

Question 6

Robert Owen

Answer 6

He established intentional communities-small societies governed by the principles of Utopian socialism. He tried to improve factory working conditions and promote experimental socialistic communities.

Question 7

Simon Bolivar

Answer 7

A creole who continued to push for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America. His forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Columbia. He believed in a free market and the abolition of slavery.

Question 8

James Watt

Answer 8

The version of the steam engine made by James Watt in 1765 provided an inexpensive way to harness coal power to create steam, which in turn generated energy for machinery in textile factories.

Question 9

Eli Whitney

Answer 9

In 1789 Eli Whitney created a system of interchangeable parts for manufacturing firearms for the U.S military. If a part of a machine broke, it could be replaced by an identical part. This led to the division of labor.

Question 10

Alexander Graham Bell

Answer 10

Alexander Graham Bell “invented” and patented the telephone. This allowed for sound to be transmitted by electrical means. Through the use of the Telephone, people could have equally meaningful conversation at a distance.

Question 11

Gugliemo Marconi

Answer 11

Developed the Radio. He was a Italian physicist. In 1901, he was able to send and receive a radio signal across the Atlantic ocean. The radio became a form of popular mass media.

Question 12

Karl Marx

Answer 12

A German scholar and writer who argued for socialism. Unlike Utopian socialist he wanted to escape problems rather than confront them. Published the communist Manifesto.

Question 13

Frederick Engels

Answer 13

In 1848 Engels and Marx published the Communist Manifesto that summarized their critique of capitalism. He introduced the concept of socialism as a natural result of the conflicts inherent in the capitalist system.

Question 14

Mahmed ll

Answer 14

Sultan Mahmud ll reformed the Ottoman system. He abolished the Janissaries and developed a new artillery unit. His reform includes building roads and setting up a postal service. He created European-style ministries.

Question 15

Capitalism

Answer 15

An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Question 16

Socialism

Answer 16

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production such as mills to make cloth or the machinery and land needed to mine coal.

Question 17

Communism

Answer 17

A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Question 18

Communist Manifesto

Answer 18

Summarized Marx’s and Engels critique of capitalism. It stated that capitalism was divided into two classes: The Proletariat and the Bourgeoisie. It formed the basis for the modern communist movement as we know it, arguing that capitalism would inevitably self-destruct, to be replaced by socialism and ultimately communism.

Question 19

Declaration of Independence

Answer 19

Contains the ideals or goals of our nation, Contains the complaints of the colonist against the British King. It contains the arguments the colonists used to explain why they wanted to be free of British rule.

Question 20

Declaration of Rights of Man

Answer 20

A statement declaring basic human rights. A document of the French Revolution that granted civil rights to some commoners, although it excluded a significant segment of the French population.

Question 21

Enlightenment

Answer 21

Produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French revolution were inspired by Enlightenment ideals. Emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

Question 22

Laissez-Faire

Answer 22

French phrase for “leave alone”. Governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions. They didn’t want governments hands in the market, hands off.

Question 23

Nationalism

Answer 23

A feeling of intense loyalty to other who share ones language and culture. The idea that people who share a culture should also live in an independent nation-state threatened to destroy all of Europe’s multi-ethnic empires.

Question 24

Liberalism

Answer 24

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, Laissez-Faire economics, and reduced sending on armies and established churches.

Question 25

Conservatism

Answer 25

A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories, such as that of human perfectibility.

Question 26

Empiricism

Answer 26

The theory that all knowledge originates in experience, the practice of relying on direct observation of events and experience to determine reality.

Question 27

Abolitionism

Answer 27

The movement to end slavery. Reform movements to provide rights and equality extended to freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom.

Question 28

Philosophes

Answer 28

A French group of Enlightenment thinkers that applied the methods of science to better understand and improve society; they believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law, and society.

Question 29

Industrialization

Answer 29

The increased mechanization of production. The transformation of a mainly agrarian society to a mainly mechanized and urban society.

Question 30

Capital

Answer 30

Money available to invest in business. Capital allows for private entrepreneurs to create new commercial ventures. Capital allowed for the spread of industrialization.

Question 31

Division of Labor

Answer 31

Interchangeable parts led to the division of labor. Factory owners no longer has to rely on skilled laborers to craft every component of a product.

Question 32

Specialization of Labor

Answer 32

Each worker could focus on one type of task. One worker might cast a part, and another install the part.

Question 33

Interchangeable parts

Answer 33

If a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part. It was a pivotal contribution to industrial technology.

Question 34

Raw Materials

Answer 34

Used to make the finished products made in the factories. A resource like coal that could be used to power machines. Without raw materials, it would be very difficult to produce a lot of products at one time.

Question 35

Crop Rotation

Answer 35

Rotary different crops in and out of a field each year. Helps manage your soil and fertility, reduce erosion, improve your soil’s health, and increase nutrients available for crops.

Question 36

Agricultural Revolution

Answer 36

Began in the Middle East. Humans began to plant crops and raise animals for food. People began to produce a surplus of food. This allowed for some to specialize in non-food producing activities.

Question 37

Industrial Revolution

Answer 37

Set the stage for dramatic changes in international relations, politics, and demography. The industrial revolution reshaped society, increasing populations, shifting people from farm to city, and expanding the production and consumption.

Question 38

Second Industrial Revolution

Answer 38

Began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and involved chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics. New machines, power sources, and work organization made existing industries more productive and efficient.

Question 39

Corporations

Answer 39

A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders. Some manufacturers formed giant corporations in order to minimize risk.

Question 40

Stockholders

Answer 40

Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it’s formed or later through stock market. The most they lost was what they paid for the stock.

Question 41

Stock Market

Answer 41

A place where shares of public listed companies are traded. Its purpose is to regulate the exchange of stocks, as well as other financial assets.

Question 42

Monopoly

Answer 42

Complete control over a market. Control of a specific business and elimination of ll competition. It ensures consistent delivery of a product or service that has very high up front cost.

Question 43

Urbanization

Answer 43

The process of making an area more urban. Industrialization led to urbanization by creating economic growth and job opportunities that draw people to cities.

Question 44

Proletariat

Answer 44

The working class of capitalism. Working in factories and mines, often for little compensation. They did dangerous work and recieve very little, just enough to survive.

Question 45

Bourgeoisie

Answer 45

Included the middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories (higher class of society in capitalism) since they owned the means if production they exploited the Proletarial for the higher profits.

Question 46

Bushido

Answer 46

The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai. In 1871, Japan legally dissolved the samurai’s position. Their Bushido was now a personal matter, no longer officially condoned by the government.