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AP Psych 23-24 > Unit 5.2: Cognition, Thinking, and Language > Flashcards

Unit 5.2: Cognition, Thinking, and Language Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

all mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating
includes forming concepts

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2
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of simialr objects, events, ideas, or people
formed through prototypes (best example of a concept) – slower 2 recognize when object is further from prototype
function to readily recognize things - synthesizing lots of info with little effort

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3
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce new and valuable ideas
involves aptitude (ability to learn) but not the only factor
requires both convergent and divergent thinking
demands:
* expertise
* imaginative skills
* adventurous personality
* intrinsic motivation
* creative environment

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4
Q

convergent thinking

A

narrowing down solutions to find the single best one

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5
Q

divergent thinking

A

considering many different options as solutions

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6
Q

algorithm

mod 35

A

methodical, logical procedure that guarantees a solution to a problem
opposite of heuristics

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7
Q

heuristic

A

thinking shortcuts 2 solve problems. quicker than algorithms but more error prone.

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8
Q
A
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8
Q

insight

A

sudden realizaiton of a problem’s solution

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9
Q

Which phenomenons limit our creative problem solving by predisposing our thinking?

A

confirmation bias: search for info to support + ignore info that denies a preconception
fixation: inability to see problem from a new perspective, which results frmo one’s mental set (approaching problems in one particular way, usually a previously successful one)

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10
Q

intuition

A

effortless, immediate thought (oppsote of explicit thinking)
utilizes two heuristics:
* representativeness: estimating likelihood based on how they seem to match prototypes (shy person who wears glasses seems more likely to be librarian)
* avaiiability: estimating likelihood based on how readily examples come to mind (shark attacks seem more likely to kill than car crashes b/c more notable and scary)

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11
Q

overconfidence

A

tendency to overestimate accuracy of beliefs
negative effects diminish w/ experience, but ppl appear competent and live happier as positives
planning fallacy: overest. leisure time + underest. time it’ll take to do something

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12
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to a belief even in the face of contrary evidence
CONSIDER THE OPPOSITE

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13
Q

framing

A

the way an issue is posed
can sig affect judgment
90% survival rate v 10% death rate
opt out of organ donorship v opt in

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14
Q

What makes us fear things?

A

What ancestry prepared us to fear
What we cannot control
What is immediate
What’s available in memory
What’s disastrous

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15
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical method that identifies the common cause of variance in different tests
ex: intelligence … verbal ability score&raquo_space; = good on tests that requires verbal abilities

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16
Q

What is the similarity between adoptive children and their adoptive parents over time in terms of intelligence?

A

Adoptive children become slightly less similar to their adoptive parents over time in intelligence

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17
Q

phonemes

A

smallest distinctive sound units in a language
English uses abt 40
ex: cheers = “ch”, “ee”, “r”, “s”

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18
Q

morphemes

A

smallest language units that carry meaning
ex: readers…
“read”
“er” (one who reads)
“s” (multiple)

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19
Q

grammar

A

language’s set of rules that enable people to communicate

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20
Q

semantics

A

set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds

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21
Q

syntax

A

how words are arranged in grammatically correct sentences

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22
Q

What is the general timeline for learning language?

A

4 months: read lips, recognize differences in speech sounds
6-9 months: receptive lang (ability to understand what is said to/about them)
10 months: babbling stage (spontaneously utters various sounds that resemble household lang)
1-2 years: one word / two word stage
24 months+: telegraphic speech (simple sentences using mostly nouns and verbs)

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23
Q

What is B.F. Skinner’s operant learning language theory?

A

Children learn language the same way animals learn mazes, through operant conditioning
(learned behavior = nurture)

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24
What is Noam Chomsky's inborn universal grammar language theory?
language = unlearned **natural** human trait (not confined to spec language though) explains how we can pick up lang + use grammar so well in pre-school
25
What is the critical period to learn language?
0-3 years = optimal window. BUT after 7 years, they lose the ability to master any language.
26
visual cortex
responsible for visual perception - lip-reading, etc.
27
angular gyrus
responsible for reading/writing function
28
linguistic determinism
the idea that language determines/influences the way we think and are capable of thinking Whorf = the guy ex: Hopi language XX past tense, so cannot think readily abt past
29
How do we think using images?
imagining a physical activity activates same brain region as when actually performing the activity
30
What are the three main behaviors of intelligence?
LEARNING from experiences to adapt to new situations UNDERSTANDING and handling abstract concepts USING knowledge to manipulate surroundings (problem-solve)
31
g factor / general intelligence theory
a single general ability that can express intelligence, argued as the basis of more specific expressions (s factors, or spec abilities produced by that Intel) Charles Spearman's theory
32
multiple intelligences theory
there are 7 factors of intelligence spanning variety of abilities (e.g. spatial, inductive reasoning, word fluency, etc.) L.L. Thurstone's theory
33
savant syndrome
demonstrating extraordinary specific skill but having otherwise limited mental ability ex: Kim Peek = excellent memory, but v literal mindset, limited skills
34
Eight Intelligences
Gardner's theory of 8 individual intelligences: kinesthetic spatial musical verbal/linguistic mathematical interpersonal intrapersonal naturalistic
35
emotional intelligence theory
social intelligence is k2 success in life: self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management good predictors of success
36
grit
passion + perseverance in pursuit of long term goals correlated w success, energy, and conscientiousness
37
What is the 10-year rule of skills?
You become an expert after 10 years of diligent, continuous practice
38
social intelligence
involving understanding social situations and managing ourselves successfully
39
intelligence test
assessment of individual mental aptitudes based on numerical comparison to wider population
40
achievement test
assessment designed to measure learning ex: AP exams
41
aptitude test
assessment designed to predict what you're capable of learning ex: college entrance exams
42
Why did Alfred Binet begin to test intelligence in children?
He wanted to know which students had difficulty in school + who needed the most help
43
mental age
Binet's measure of intelligence test performance lvl of performance associated with typical child of that age ex: performance of average 8 year old = mental age of 8.
44
Stanford Binet test
Theodore Simon's widely used American revision of Binet's test based on mental age measures 5 components: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quant reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory
45
What is William Stern's IQ formula?
Mental age / chronological age * 100 ex: 12 yr old girl has mental age of 18 ... IQ of 150
46
Francis Galton
tried but failed to find simple measure of intelligence via test coined phrase "nature vs. nurture" BUT work was biased twds innate genius (drifted into eugenics)
47
Alfred Binet
believed in enviro infl + intelligences as NOT a fixed trait started modern intelligence testing by calculating mental age to predict school progress
48
Lewis Terman
adapted Binet's tests for age to measure innate intelligence believed in inherent genius (drifted into eugenics)
49
What is the WAIS and WISC?
Wechster Adult Intelligence Scale / children's version of that reflects mostly nonverbal abilities
50
What three criteria must a psychological test meet?
standardized: uniform testing procedures with pretested group as basis for comparison reliable: consistency of results upon retesting valid: samples pertinent behavior (content validity) AND successfully predicts pertinent behavior (predictive validity)
51
cohort
group of people sharing common characteristic (e.g. age, race, gender)
52
crystallized intelligence
use of previously acquired knowledge - accumulated knowledge and verbal skills >>> after 20s ex: authors, historians, philosophers
53
fluid intelligence
problem-solving in novel situations without prior knowledge, w/ logical and abstract thinking <<< after 20s ex: scientists, mathematicians, engineers
54
cross-sectional study
compares people of different ages / life circumstances at the same point in time ex: 70 year old cohort and 30 year old cohort that finds mental ability <<< with age excellent snapshot of particular pt in time
55
longitudinal study
follows and retests the same people over time (at different points in their lifespan) ex: people born in 1900s vs 1960s ... found mental ability remains stable, and sometimes increases, with a ge better equipped to trace evolution of traits over long time period
56
How stable are intelligence scores over the life span?
stability of intelligence w/ age >> * age 4: begins to predict (still fluctuates) * early teens: scores stable and predictive of adult scores
57
intellectual disability
limited mental ability as designated by < 70 IQ difficulty adjusting 2 life (limited adaptive ability)
58
Down Syndrome
extra chromosome 21 --> mild to severe physical and cognitive impairment
59
heritability
extent to which differences between individuals in a group is due to genes if environment > equal, heritability >>
60
What does evidence reveal about environmental influences on intelligence (through twin studies)?
identical twins raised apart have less correlation, showing environmental effects BUT different genes raised together have even less correlation, showing genetic influences as well
61
early intervention
improving an environment early in the lifespan quality preschool = >> intelligence scores Head Start boosts aptitude modestly over time conversely, children with lead poisoning (flint) = << test scores
62
growth mindset
emphasis on learning and growing believing that skills and intelligence can change ability + opportunity + motivation = success
63
How are intelligence tests biased?
sensitive to performance differences caused by cultural experience BUT most experts agree << bias b/c tests are valid and reliable across all groups
64
stereotype threat
phenomenon in which people feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes about competence creates anxiety that leads to power test scores

AP Psych 23-24 (10 decks)

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