Unit 6

Question 1

metabolism

Answer 1

totality of an organism’s chemical reactions

Question 2

metabolic pathway

Answer 2

series of chemical reactions that build or break a complex molecule

Question 3

catabolic pathway

Answer 3

releases energy by breaking down complex molecules

Question 4

anabolic pathway

Answer 4

consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones

Question 5

bioenergetics

Answer 5

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

Question 6

energy

Answer 6

the capacity to cause change, and perform work

Question 7

kinetic energy

Answer 7

the energy of motion

Question 8

thermal energy

Answer 8

the total amount of kinetic energy due to random movement of atoms and molecules

Question 9

work

Answer 9

the movement of matter against opposing forces like gravity and friction

Question 10

heat

Answer 10

thermal energy transferred from 1 body of matter to another

Question 11

light

Answer 11

energy that is harnessed to perform work

Question 12

potential energy

Answer 12

energy that matter possesses b/c of location or structure
Ex: a rock on top of a mountain

Question 13

chemical energy

Answer 13

the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
Ex: the rock rolling down the mountain

Question 14

thermodynamics

Answer 14

the study of energy transformations

Question 15

open system

Answer 15

energy and matter can be transferred between the system and its surroundings
Ex: organisms

Question 16

isolated system

Answer 16

exchange with the surroundings cannot occur

Question 17

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 17

energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 18

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 18

every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

Question 19

entropy

Answer 19

molecular disorder

Question 20

spontaneous process

Answer 20

occurs without energy input and can happen quickly or slowly. It must increase the entropy of the universe.

Question 21

nonspontaneous process

Answer 21

a decrease in entropy and the energy must be supplied

Question 22

free energy

Answer 22

the portion of a system’s energy does that does work when the temp and pres are uniform

Question 23

negative delta g=

Answer 23

spontaneous reactions

Question 24

delta g = g(final state) - g(initial state)

Answer 24

the change in free energy

Question 25

a spontaneous reaction can perform work

Answer 25

only if it moves toward equilibrium

Question 26

energy coupling

Answer 26

the use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

Question 27

ATP hydrolysis

Answer 27

releases energy and produces ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 28

phosphorylation

Answer 28

transferring a phosphate group to another molecule such as a reactant

Question 29

phosphorylated intermediate

Answer 29

the recipient molecule of phosphorylation

Question 30

catalyst

Answer 30

a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction w/o being consumed by the reaction

Question 31

enzyme

Answer 31

a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst, most enzymes are proteins

Question 32

activation energy

Answer 32

the energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactant molecules

Question 33

substrate

Answer 33

the reactant molecule on which an enzyme acts

Question 34

active site

Answer 34

the region on the enzyme to which the substrate binds

Question 35

induced fit of enzyme

Answer 35

the substrate brings chemical groups of the active site together

Question 36

cofactors

Answer 36

non protein molecules that help carry out processes, difficult for amino acids, it can be organic or inorganic

Question 37

coenzyme

Answer 37

a organic cofactor, Ex: vitamins

Question 38

allosteric regulation

Answer 38

can inhibit or stimulate an enzyme’s activity. This occurs when a regulatory molecule binds to a protein.

Question 39

Cooperativity

Answer 39

the binding of 1 substrate molecule to the active site of 1 subunit locks all other subunits into a active shape

Question 40

Feedback inhibition

Answer 40

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway