Unit 6

Question 1

• In Philosophy, the branch that inquires on how one should live his life
• This study probes into questions of rightness and wrongness or the morality of
  our actions
• This study generally inquiries and searches for a standard of moral principles that would guide man on how he should live his life

Answer 1

ETHICS

Question 2

• According to Socrates, “knowledge is virtue”
  o Someone who truly knows what is right would always behave in accordance to a
  virtuous action.
  o One may know a virtue in his mind, but if he doesn’t act on it, then it means he lacks the
  true understanding, the true knowledge of that virtue

Answer 2

VIRTUES

Question 3

• about human well-being – that man lives a satisfactory and flourishing life where he is content and fulfilled.
  o Aristotle wrote about the Golden Mean – a way of life that is in balance between extremes: excess and deficiency.

Answer 3

EUDAIMONIA

Question 4

Eudaimonia- a Greek word that
translates to

Answer 4

happiness

Question 5

• in Eastern philosophy, Buddha taught of the Middle Way, which is a path that is
  balanced between a life of luxury and excessiveness, and a life of poverty.
  o These teachings mainly promote a certain virtue: moderation

Answer 5

MIDDLE WAY

Question 6

o is a form of ethical philosophy that puts the highest importance to satisfying
one’s pleasure – that pleasure is the highest good itself.
o What is considered good is that action which would bring the greatest amount of
pleasure since, for hedonists, it is the goal of life.

Answer 6

HEDONISM

Question 7

• From the Greek word, “hedone”, which translates to

Answer 7

“delight”

Question 8

o is a belief that God is scattered throughout the world, in the form of nature

Answer 8

STOICISM

Question 9

For the stoics, another version of happiness is

Answer 9

ataraxia

Question 10

ataraxia which means

Answer 10

tranquility

Question 11

the view that nature is divine because God or the
gods are within it.

Answer 11

pantheism

Question 12

• posits that there exists a supreme divine being,
  which is God, who is all-knowing (omniscient), all-powerful (omnipotent), and all-good.

o The good life consists of following the absolute commandments of God and letting these
commandments guide one’s actions in order to fulfill the God’s will.

• God provided man with freewill which man can exercise in different situations.

Answer 12

DIVINE COMMAND THEORY

Question 13

• thought that there ought to be a consistent moral theory that cannot stem from
  external factors, not even God.
• The moral standard of a person must come from within, as a form of an intrinsic value.

Answer 13

EMMANUEL KANT

Question 14

is the basis of our moral standards

Answer 14

Duty or an obligation to act

Question 15

• British empiricist
• described his observation among human beings that our moral actions are also based on our feelings or sentiment, and not just on our reason – that we
  consider our actions based on sympathy.

Answer 15

DAVID HUME

Question 16

• a form of Consequentialism, focuses on the consequences of an action.
• It generally advocates for the maximization of goodness for as much people as
  possible.

Answer 16

UTILITARIANISM

Question 17

recognized that both pleasure and pain can be
found in the world

Answer 17

Jeremy Bentham

Question 18

• pleasure differs in terms of hierarchy – there are higher forms of pleasure
  (which are higher in quality), while there also lower forms of pleasure (which are lower in
  quality)
• He distinguished that the intellectual pleasures are higher than those of sensual
  pleasures
• He thought that the utility we get from higher pleasures should be given a priority when
  we are making decisions, which would then result to a quality decision.

Answer 18

JOHN STUART MILL

Question 19

• French philosopher and novelist
• He formed an existential philosophy with similarities to that of Jean-Paul Sartre.

Answer 19

ALBERT CAMUS

Question 20

a man who was condemned by the gods to roll a boulder up to a hill, only to have it roll back down as soon as it reaches the peak

Answer 20

Sisyphus

Question 21

• thought that “man is condemned to be free”
• For him, we are who we create ourselves to be, and everything that has happened to
  us, we only have ourselves to blame.
• He opposed the idea of putting the blame on the society, on God or fate, because he believed that human beings are the ones responsible for themselves.

Answer 21

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE