unit 6

Question 1

agriculture

Answer 1

often controlled by environment and climate

Question 2

cool mid latitudes

Answer 2

wheat, barley, livestock, dairy cows

Question 3

warm mid latitudes

Answer 3

vegetables, fruit, rice

Question 4

mediterranean (not just the region)

Answer 4

grapes, olives, dates

Question 5

grasslands

Answer 5

continental steppe, cattle, ranching, sheep, goats, horses, camels

Question 6

sub-tropical

Answer 6

rice, cotton, tobacco

Question 7

tropical

Answer 7

coffee, sugar, tea, cacao, pineapple

Question 8

modification

Answer 8

humans can modify environment to promote their agriculture

Question 9

modifying space

Answer 9

clearing or modifying land so crops grow

Question 10

modifying water

Answer 10

irrigation, old and new strategy to control water if it is sporadic

Question 11

sporadic water

Answer 11

supplement is not enough

Question 12

modifying light

Answer 12

artificial lights to aid in photosynthesis

Question 13

modifying nutrients

Answer 13

humans use fertilizers to help plants grow more quickly

Question 14

modifying for suitable temperature

Answer 14

greenhouses and other shelters allow plants to grow in places they may not be suited in

Question 15

cost of land

Answer 15

what can be economically grown, US farms get increasingly big, scale up production so efficiency will compensate for other costs and profits

Question 16

cost of labor

Answer 16

harvest of planting certain crops has not yet mechanized, so agriculture can be labor intensive

Question 17

cost of machinery

Answer 17

high upfront costs but more efficiency, can save money in the long run

Question 18

intensive labor

Answer 18

requires lots of labor and capital, small plots near population centers, high yield per acre (ex: cotton in the past)

Question 19

extensive labor

Answer 19

requires less labor and capital, larger plots farther away from population centers, low yield per acre (ex: shifting cultivation, livestock farming)

Question 20

plantation agriculture

Answer 20

labor intensive agriculture in former colonies to grow cash crops (ex: coffee, cacao, sugar, etc.)

Question 21

mixed crop and livestock

Answer 21

labor intensive, farmers grow crops to fatten livestock (ex: corn and soybeans fed to cattle and pigs on feed lots, they are later slaughtered in meat packing plants)

Question 22

market gardening

Answer 22

farms that specialize in in fresh fruit and vegetables that are transported to markers (ex: potatoes planted and harvested by immigrant labor)

Question 23

shifting cultivation

Answer 23

• farmers in tropics control a lot of land, but only use part of it any given year
• rainforests are cleared and burned
• farmers plant multiple crops in a single field
• nutrition of the soil is frequently depleted so farmers leave that section and start again in a different section

Question 24

nomadic herding

Answer 24

• in arid and semi arid climates farming is not possible
• herders are mobile and follow their animals from pasture to pasture
• frequency of movement means fewer possessions and difficulty in accumulating wealth

Question 25

ranching

Answer 25

ranch land is unsuitable for farming, ranches are large, cattle and sheep are grazed to sell to markets

Question 26

rural-use patterns

Answer 26

clustered, dispersed, linear

Question 27

metes and bounds

Answer 27

boundaries using short distances like an oak tree or longer distances like a river

Question 28

township and range

Answer 28

grid system where towns are 6 * 6 miles

Question 29

long lot

Answer 29

farms were long and thin and perpendicular to rivers

Question 30

clustered settlement

Answer 30

every possible square mile is dedicated to farming, growing rice, buckwheat, and millet (ex: houses in japan's houses in japan’s farming villages packed tightly together)

Question 31

clustered settlements are the result of

Answer 31

often a pattern remaining from times when farmland was communal instead of belonging to individual farmers/families, houses being built close together to leave as much open land as possible for farming, ensures residents have easy access to services provided by the settlement

Question 32

linear settlement

Answer 32

often next to a geographical feature like a lake shore or a river or following a road, road often exists before the settlement

Question 33

linear settlements are the result of

Answer 33

- access to a resource, such as a river - settlement occuring along preexisting waterway or road that is necessary for farmers to transport goods to markets - in low lying areas of western europe, villages are located along dikes and levees, causing linear pattern

Question 34

dispersed settlements are the result of

Answer 34

- gov land policies, such as federal land survey system specified how land could be divided and allocated - individual pioneer families set up their farms on their claimed homesteads - farms being independently owned and operated, so there is one home surrounded by the land it operates and manages

Question 35

history of the metes & bounds system

Answer 35

- introduced by the british, adopted by the long eastern seaboard - the drawing of boundaries was left up to the individual land purchaser - natural features were used to demarcate irregularly shaped parcels of land - used geometric calculations, but it was more challenging working with the irregular shapes

Question 36

history of the township and rang system

Answer 36

- simplified the process of metes and bounds - basic unit was a 1 square mile section and land was bought and sold in whole, half, or quarter sections - as a result, almost all of the territory west of the ohio-pennsylvania boundary was eventually surveyed using the township and range system

Question 37

history of the long lot system

Answer 37

- method used by the french when settling north america - farmers would build their houses along the river or road - ensured each farmer had access to transportation, but also prevented - small number of farmers from monopolizing most accesible lands - still evident today in louisiana and quebec - nickname “ribbon farms”

Question 38

early hearths of plant and animal domestication

Answer 38

fertile crescent (SW asia) indus river valley southeast asia central america

Question 39

patterns of diffusion resulted in

Answer 39

columbian exchange : a global spread of various plants and animals

Question 40

second agricultural revolution

Answer 40

new technology and increased food production, linked to british enclosure movement, many poor farmers left for jobs in the cities (industrial revolution)

Question 41

bidrent theory

Answer 41

- closer land is to a city, the more it costs - farming takes up a lot of land, so its done far from cities - has to balance w/ cost of transportation to market, profit farmer will make, and type of food grown - (ex: vegetables spoil quicky, grown closest to market grain transports easily, but require more space than vegetables)

Question 42

von-thunen’s theory

Answer 42

- used to explain rural land use - emphasizing importance of transportation costs associated w/ distance from market - regions of specialty farming - (ex: wine growing regions may grow only grapes)

Question 43

changes and exceptions to von thunen’s model

Answer 43

- refrigeration : keeping things fresh for longer -efficient transportation - preservatives - pesticides - greenhouses - urban farming : farming in city - gmo (genetically modified organisms)

Question 44

global food trade

Answer 44

- food and other products part of global supply chain - more developed countries (MDCs) have structural advantages over less developed countries (LDCs) - ex: infrastructure, tech, wealth, etc. - politics, environmental change, and war all impact global food chains

Question 45

agricultural consequences : altered landscapes

Answer 45

- slash and burn (vegetation cut or burned down before new seeds sown) - terraces and irrigation - draining wetlands (turning wetlands into fields to grow crops) - deforestation

Question 46

agricultural consequences : environment

Answer 46

- soil salinization (salt fields) - pollution (run off/pesticides) - desertification (creating desert bc of dry land, cannot grow crops)

Question 47

agricultural consequences : social effects

Answer 47

- changing diets - food deserts - area that has limited access to groceries or fresh food

Question 48

agricultural consequences : differing economic purpose

Answer 48

food as a necessity vs food an an expression/social status salt bae or tiktok pasta